Bet365 lotto review

After World War II，North America、Europe and other Western countries after more than 20 years of high energy consumption、Industrialization development of high pollution，By the 1970s，Many environmental pollution problems concentrated。Japan and other East Asian post -capitalist countries are as difficult to escape from doom，The early industrialization of Japanese capitalism brought a heavy social and environmental price，Air pollution has caused health problems of nearly 10 million people，Water pollution is also very serious。In this context，North America, which is the first to be highlighted in pollution、Western world represented by Europe and Japan，People start reflecting on industrial civilization，Retelling the relationship between man and nature，So ecological and environmental problems have become a theme of cross -disciplinary research。

　　Ecological perspective and "Public Land Tragedy" concept

Ecological environment issues first aroused the attention of ecologists。1962，American marine biologist Rachel Carson，1907-1964) published "Silent Spring"，revealed the influence of the environmental pollution of pesticides on the environment and the impact on the ecosystem，and clarify human beings from the perspective of pollution ecology、Ocean、River、Soil、The close relationship between animals and plants，pointed out the problem of ecological pollution faced by modern ecology，It also opened the history of the theoretical reflection of the multidisciplinary theory of ecological environment。

1967，Lynn T. White, jr.，1907-1987) published "The Historial Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis" in the "Science" magazine，Discuss the social and historical root of the American ecological crisis from the cultural level。1968，Also in the magazine of Science，Ecologist Garret Hardin，1915-2003) published the famous article "The Tragedy of the Commons)。Hardin uses Shepherd as an example to explain the phenomenon of "public land tragedy" -when every shepherd starts from private bet365 live casino games interests in public grassland，Although the number of sheep on the grassland is enough，But in order to increase personal income，Still choose to raise more sheep，The result is the degeneration of the grass field，until I cannot raise sheep，Eventually leading to all herders bankruptcy。The concept of "Public Land Tragedy" explains the phenomenon of "sheep eating" in the British "Land Movement"，Discussion on the field of social governance still has important interpretation meaning。The response to these two articles dominated the discussion of different disciplines for many years。

　　Discussion on ecological and environmental problems from the perspective of environmental philosophy

Environmental Philosophy is the study "，Human individual and natural environmental system and social environment (human group) system，Science of the Ethical and Moral Behavior between the Social Environmental System and the Natural Environment System "。Since the 1970s，Philosophers are very active in the discussion of ecological environment issues。

1970，Oldo Leopard (Aldo Leopold，1887-1948) The reproction of "A Sand County Almanac" (A Sand County Almanac)，Let the "Land Ethic" return to people's vision，Attracting philosophers to discuss the ecological environment issues。1971 John B. Cobb Jr.，1925-) Published "Is it too late? "(IS it too late?) One book，From religious tradition、Philosophy perspective systematically analyzed the ecological crisis，and foresee the seriousness of the ecological crisis，The voice of "Is it too late to change from starting to change now"。This book is considered to be the first philosophical monograph on ecological and environmental problems from the perspective of environmental philosophy。1975，Holmes Rolston III，1932-) published the "Ethics" magazine "Is there environmental ethics?" "，officially proposed the concept of "Environmental Ethics"。1979，Eugene C. Hargrove，1944-) founded the "Environmental Ethics" magazine，Provided vocal positions for environmental philosophy。Articles published by the magazine、The concept proposed、Discussion caused by the history of environmental philosophy research and environmental protection practice since the 1970s。Environmental philosophy has contributed two principles to the study of ecological environment: the principles of ecological integrity and ecological naturalist ethics principles。

Different from the indifference bet365 best casino games or questioning of the natural world of the Western philosophy，Environmental philosophy takes the natural view of "overall theory" as the basis of epistemology，It is intended to explore the root cause of environmental crisis from the perspective of ethics and value。"Principles of Ecological Overall Ethical Ethics" was first proposed by Lionpod，Also known as "Earth Ecological Ecological Overallism"，It mainly means that people are not the only subject in the entire system，but just members of nature，Acting with other groups such as animals，The same overall belonging to nature。Environmental philosophy emphasizes "naturally knows itself"，Proposal in getting along with nature，Should accept natural guidance，Adhere to the ethics of "following nature" -This is the "Ecological Naturalism Principles"。Ecological naturalism has the greatest influence in the United States，It has derived a lot of important concepts。If it breaks the traditional human centralist ethical paradigm，The "value of nature" theory of Roston, which is naturally included in the moral category，Paul Jozef Crutzen，1933-) and Eugene F. STOERMER，1934-2012) The geological age of the geological age that describes the global impact of human activities on the climate and ecosystem is used to summarize the concept of the geological age that has a global impact of the climate and ecosystem.，Michel Serres，1930-) Requirements to reduce intervention of human activities on Earth's behavior，and try to build a "natural contract" concept of "natural contract" that is equal to human life.。

Environmental philosophy is also considered an important philosophical support for ecological civilization，Its efforts are more like a cultural war against industrial civilization。

　　Environmental Sociology: Social reasons to explain environmental problems

Discussion compared to the theory of environmental philosophy focuses on theory，ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY is more concerned about the social reasons for environmental problems、Social impact and social response。The characteristics of sociology make environmental sociology more consider different social mechanisms、Different social situations、Different cultures，Different behavioral differences when people have relationships with the environment，And believe that environmental problems are social construction。Bet365 lotto review In different countries、Different social spaces、Among different social populations，What constitutes environmental problems will have different performances，Or in other words，Environmental problems are the results of social construction。

From the 1950s to the early 1970s，The core topic of the environmental sociology community is to explain the social cause of environmental issues。This period，We mainly introduce American environmental sociologists Riley E. Dunlap and William R. Catton Jr., 1926-2015) proposed by the "New Ecological Paradigm" and Allan Schnaaberg's "Treadmill of Production" theory (Treadmill of Production) team。

In the new ecological paradigm，Dunrap and Carton first criticized the Auguste Comte，1798-1857) The human centralism tendency of traditional sociology "Human Exemptionalism Paradigm"，pointed out the limit that faces the increasingly serious environmental crisis and the limit of growth，It must be completely transformed by traditional sociology，Let it pay attention to the biophysical restrictions of the social system，and then define the research of environmental sociology for the interaction between environmental and society。

The theory of "Production Treadmill" was proposed by Stanberg in 1980 in the book "The Environment: From Surplus to ScarCity"。Stanberg borrowed from Marxist political economics and new Weberist sociology，Use conflict theory，For the country、The relationship between capitalism and the environment has been in -depth analysis。He compares the capitalist system into the running state of the treadmill，Point out that once the production machine runs，It can only be produced constantly，A large amount of minerals are consumed in uninterrupted continuously growing production、Forest and other raw materials，leading to environmental pollution and ecosystem problems; the production process will also produce a large amount of waste，Leading environmental pollution。Keep continuous production、Maintaining continuous consumption is an inevitable requirement for the normal operation of the economy under the capitalist system，Therefore, environmental problems cannot be avoided，Because the social mechanism it produces is the capitalist system。

　　"Environmental Justice" and the history of the third world environmental issue

bet365 best casino games Enter the 1980s，"Environmental Justice" problem has become another core issue for environmental sociology，And further stimulated the research interests of environmental historical circles。

1982，Volon County, North Carolina，In order to oppose continues to use the landfill community in the colored human community to deal with toxic waste，African -based residents launched a road closure protest movement。After that，A series of "Environmental Justice Movement" (Environmental Justice Movement) starts from all over the United States。Scholars found in the study，The cruel reality of environmental injustice not only exists in the so -called developed countries such as the United States，More in the third world。After World War II，Global trade liberalization not only leads to north -south imbalances distributed in international wealth，It also brings the huge environmental damage to the world in the southern world。Cross -Tier transfer of hazardous waste、Global Wood Trade and Development Countries Forest Deduction、Lost of Wildlife Trade and Biological Diversity、The international diffusion of toxic chemicals and the transfer of pollution -intensive industries to the south and other environmental problems，It is a long -term existence of unbalanced development and order inequality in the world。Emmanuel Maurice Wallerstein，1930-2019) The world system theory has important contributions in the research of "environmental justice"。Wallestan believes that environmental factors have profoundly shaped world history，and point out that the main reason for environmental problems in developing countries is unreasonable international order，instead of your own quality。In an unreasonable global capitalist system，The essence of capitalism determines the raw materials of the edge area of ​​the core area to maximize the benefit，Regeneration of Natural Resources ignores natural resources，Regardless of the proper disposal of the waste -Externalization of Cost means that the exporter of raw materials usually suffer from waste caused by consumption of developed countries，Including carbon emissions; marginal areas are not only exploited in the political and economic field、Started，Ecological and environmental is also reduced to victim。

Ecological Marxist scholar Jason W. Moore,1971-) From the perspective of bet365 live casino games ecology, the nature and influence of European capitalism and the historical origin of the third world dilemma。Moore further pointed out，The rise of the capitalist world economy and the rise of the capitalist world ecology are two sides in the history of the world: on the one hand，It gives the world economy with unlimited accumulation and profit capital characteristics，Therefore, unlimited seizing requirements for natural resources; on the other hand，The world economy must maintain an inequality structure，To ensure the monopoly position of the core area。So，International environmental justice issues have existed from the beginning of the global expansion of the capitalist system。These studies provide us with a new key for understanding the third world environment history.。

　　Risk Social Theory and "Structured Structure Theory"

Unlike the United States，European theoretical research on the ecological environment also attaches importance to exploring the way to solve problems。Such as a German scholar Ulrich Beck,1944-2015) pointed out in the book "Risk Society: Towards A New Modernity"，Modern society is a risk -full society，Risk manufacturers protect themselves at the cost of overall social risk。Reflexive Modernization，To cope with modern social risks。Arthur P. J. MOL and others ecological modernization theory of ecological modernization (ARTHUR P. J. Mol) and others.。The theoretical discussion of environmental sociology under these constructiveism，It provides a new understanding path for explaining many realistic environmental problems，It is more conducive to explaining the complexity of environmental problems。

Japan's environmental sociology from the research on the problem of local pollution，It is mainly committed to answering environmental problems and its social impact。There are four main schools in their academic circles: "Victor Structure Theory" and "Victor Circle、The theory of suffering circle "" Living Environmentalism "and" Social Difficult theory "。Among them, the "victim structural theory" of Shiniko Ishima indicates the systemic problem of the ecological environment，Very inspiring meaning。"Victor Structure Theory" pointed out patients like hydrophilic disease，With the emergence of the disease，Not only does it withstand the suffering in the body，It is also subject to social discrimination，bet365 live casino games Their situation shows that the social impact of environmental pollution is actually an impact on a social system。

Research on ecological environment issues is not only a theme of natural science，It is also a core issue of social science。Proposal of the construction of ecological civilization in my country，It is an important contribution to the study of ecological environment issues in the world。The origin and development of the theoretical research of global ecological environment issues，It helps to advance my country's ecological environment research，It also helps the healthy development of ecological civilization construction。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Social Development Strategy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)