International Relations England School can be described as late。The school was born in the late 1950s，It has not been able to attract widespread attention during the Cold War。Unexpectedly,，England school has achieved great development after the end of the Cold War，It has now become an international relationship theoretical genre with global influence。Many people think，The main reason for the rise of the English school is to seize the academic opportunities in the Cold War period，conforms to the trend of "sociological steering", "historical steering" and "standard steering" of international relations disciplines。Actually，The changes in the academic environment after the Cold War are just a role in promoting，The root cause of the rise of the English school is through the continuation efforts of several generations of scholars，Build a unique discourse system。

　bet365 best casino games

The premise of building a discourse system is to propose basic problems and form a concept system。The founder of the English school Martin White believes，The core question of the international theory is "what is the international community"; and in the opinion of another founder Hedley Boolean，International relations scholars should think deeply about "how to achieve order in world politics"。Actually，These two problems are highly related，The answers from the two scholars are the same，That is the international community of the country's anarchy，The order of which can be maintained through the international system。Surrounding society、System、Three core concepts of order，England school condensing concept system。

First，Society is the main framework。England school regards the international bet365 best casino games community as a form of world political organization，and classify and interpret it from the two aspects of thought and practice。White sorted out realism、rationalism、Revolutionist three ideas traditions。Realists do not recognize the existence of the international community; rationalists believe that the international community has institutional defects; revolutionists emphasize that there is a real society behind the international community on the surface。Boolean clearly defines the international community through comparison: the key element that constitutes the international system is frequent interaction between the country，The international community means common interests between the country、rules and systems。Later，Barry Bozan and Richard Littel and other scholars further incorporate the world society into the ontology of the English school，Try to form an international system、The "Trinity" architecture of the international community and world society。In addition to clearly distinguish the system and society，Boolean also proposes that the international community has two different types of diversified and jointism，The former emphasizes sovereignty and non -intervention，The latter advocates human rights and humanitarian intervention。Different from Boolean insisted on diverse positions，Boolean's student John Vincent proposed the basic human rights theory with colors，His other student Jiang Wenhan conducted in -depth research on the "civilized standard" in the process of international community from Europe to global expansion.。

Next，The system is the basic way。From the perspective of the English school，The system can not only symbolize the existence of the international community，And can promote the realization of international order。Boolean thinks，The country is the most important system in the international community，Power balance、bet365 Play online games International Law、Diplomacy、War and great powers management is a coexistence system in the international community。The successor of the English school school mostly expands and revised it based on this，Among them, the influence of Buzan is big。He clearly divides the system in the international community into the primary and secondary system，The former is an international practice formed by long -term evolution; the latter is an artificial international regulation。As far as the relationship between the two，Secondary system reflects and supports the primary system，and must be operated within the framework of the primary system and subject to restrictions。

Last，Order is the core goal。England school believes that there are various value pursuit in the international community，Order is usually preferred in value sort。Boolean discussed the relationship between order and justice，It is believed that the order in international relations is best to maintain it by meeting the needs of justice，And justice is best achieved under orderly conditions。But，Sometimes the reconciliation of order and justice is impossible，In this case, I have to make difficult choices。Different practices of investigating order with Boolean and justice，Adam Watson places the relationship between order and independence in the central position of theoretical analysis。He found that the relationship between political entities in the past is in a spectrum，Contains independence、hegemony、The four basic types of dominance and the empire。There is a tension between the political entities in seeking order and seeking independence，The form of the international system is swinging back and forth like a pendulum。Watson also distinguishes individual hegemony and collective hegemony in combination with the concept of order、National rationality and system rationality，Further enriched the English school's discourse system。

　The main path of discourse construction

How does the English bet365 live casino games school effectively integrate the above concepts together，So as to deepen and expand into a theoretical system? The answer is that they worked hard to achieve three aspects。

In terms of topic settings，England school adheres to the combination of normative and empirical。The theory of international relations must not only answer the question of "what", "why", and "what to do"，It should also answer the question of "right", "good", "which is better"。From the perspective of the English school，Many problems in international relations need to be judged right and wrong，Research on pure value is not possible，No meaning。Boolest's opinion is，The appropriate academic path is not to cancel the preset value，Instead, it is clearly stated in these presets and inspected and criticized it。It is not difficult to find，The research topic of the school contains highly abstract ethical problems such as the relationship between order and justice，It also includes a very experienced problem such as the process of entering the international community in non -Western countries。

In terms of concept refinement，England school adheres to the combination of abstraction and specificization。How to form a concept of the school，Generally, two processes are generalized and specific。Abstract refers to a process that summarizes the abstract concept that can be used as an analysis framework from specific practice or both ideas，Specific is the process of transforming the concept of abstraction into a process that promotes people that it is a natural thing that is considered as real existence。Take the international community as an example，England school scholars summarize the basic concepts of the international community from the writings of natural law thinkers，On this basis, a clear concept definition of it; then use the international system to demonstrate that the international community is not fictional，Instead of actual operation; then clarify the historical development of the international community and geographical expansion from Europe to global; finally analyze case analysis of cases such as promoting human rights and humanitarian bet365 best casino games intervention，Give the international community with energy。This is the case，The fuzzy concept that was originally scattered everywhere gradually became a clear and distinguished academic concept，and finally fell into the daily operation of the real world。

In terms of viewpoint formation，England school insists on the combination of positive and innovation。This school scholar improves the discourse system，Pay attention to thought inheritance，rarely deliberately pursue the situation of "another stove"。But this does not mean that they lack innovative consciousness，Instead, their viewpoint innovation is expanded under the premise of "adhering to the right path"。Taking the relationship between diverseism and jointism as an example，Boolean first proposed this pair of categories，It refers to whether there are consistency or potential consistency in implementing the law of various countries。The England school scholars have given full play to this after that，Extend the subject from the national level to the personal level，extended the scope from the field of international law to the international moral field，and there is a connection to the attachment、Multi -School、Balanced faction "three -legged" situation。Even if Banzan proposes new concepts such as nation -centered connectionism and embedded diversifiedism，Nor did it completely separate from Boolean's original discourse framework。

Basic features of discourse construction

It is true，England school itself also has obvious deficiency，But it is generally relatively successful in terms of discourse construction。Through further analysis, you can find it，The story of the school's words reflects the distinctive features of the following three aspects。

First，Strive to surpass "specific problem awareness" while paying attention to the awareness of the problem "。Classic writers in England once tried to avoid attention to current affairs and specific policies，The problem they pay more attention is bet365 Play online games "History rather than contemporary" and "principle rather than policy"。Herbert Butfeld criticized the international relations after World War II "The direction of utilitarianism is urgent、Too direct "，It is easy。By raising general problems that surpass recent events and current policies，England school effectively avoids the currentist tendency to trouble the study of international relations。

2，Try to avoid conceptual transformation "innovation" while carried out concept innovation。England school around society、System、The three core concepts of order and their relationship，Forms a concept group with strong explanation effect。This is inseparable from the long -term deep theoretical accumulation，In this process，The so -called "innovation" of the concept of scholars' power to quit。Packing what the common sense can understand with the seemingly novel theoretical label，This exaggerated approach is not common in the discourse construction of the English school。

third，Strive to discover the global "resources" while based on a specific region。Due to long -term mistakes translation of the "England School" as "British School"，As a result, some domestic scholars regard the school as a national school in the UK。Actually，The representative of the English school is not limited to Britain (such as Charles Manning is South Africa，Boolean was born in Australia)，The intellectual resources constructed by their words are not focused on Britain。This school originally relied mainly on European experience，Later, more use of global history and culture to build discourse。This combination of regional and globality，To a certain extent, it has promoted the broad vision and academic vitality of the English school。

(This article is the "Research on the Raising Path of China's Counter -Terrorism Talk" (XJZK2018YW007) in the Xinjiang Think Tank Project)

(Author Unit: School of Political and International bet365 Play online games Relations of Lanzhou University)