The English School of bet365 code Relations can be described as a late bloomer。This school was born in the late 1950s，It failed to attract widespread attention during the Cold War。Unexpectedly，The English School has made great progress after the end of the Cold War，Now it has become a school of bet365 code relations theory with global influence。Many people think，The main reason for the rise of the English School is to seize the academic opportunities in the post-Cold War period，Conforming to the trend of "sociological turn", "historical turn" and "normative turn" in the discipline of bet365 code relations。Actually，The changes in the academic environment after the Cold War only played a boosting role，The fundamental reason for the rise of the English School lies in the continuous efforts of several generations of scholars，Built a unique discourse system。

　Conceptual basis of bet365 code construction

The prerequisite for building a discourse system is to raise basic questions and form a conceptual system。Martin White, the founder of the English School, believes，The core question of international theory is "What is bet365 code"；In the view of another founder, Hedley Bull，The question that international relations scholars should think deeply about is "how to achieve order in world politics"。Actually，These two questions are highly related，The answers obtained by the two scholars are also consistent，That is, countries form an anarchic bet365 code，Order in it can be maintained through international institutions。Around society、System、Three core concepts of order，The English School condensed a conceptual system with rich connotations。

First，Society is the main framework。The English School views bet365 code as a form of world political organization，And classify and explain it from both the ideological and practical aspects。White teases out realism、rationalism、Three ideological traditions of revolutionism。Realists do not recognize the existence of bet365 code；Rationalists believe that bet365 code has institutional flaws；Revolutionaries emphasize that behind the apparent bet365 code there is a real society in the form of a human community。Boole clearly defined bet365 code through contrast: the key element that constitutes the international system is the frequent interaction between states，bet365 code means the existence of common interests among countries、Rules and systems。Later，Scholars such as Barry Buzan and Richard Little further integrated world society into the ontology of the English School，Trying to form an inclusive international system、The "Trinity" structure of bet365 code and world society。In addition to making a clear distinction between system and society，Boole also proposed that bet365 code has two different types: pluralism and solidarism，The former emphasizes sovereignty and non-intervention，The latter advocates human rights and humanitarian intervention。Different from Boole’s pluralist stance，John Vincent, a student of Boole, proposed a basic theory of human rights with a connectionist flavor，Another of his students, Jiang Wenhan, conducted in-depth research on the "civilization standards" in the process of bet365 code expanding from Europe to the world。

Secondly，System is the basic way。In the view of the English School，Systems can not only symbolize the existence of bet365 code，And can promote the realization of international order。Boolean view，The state is the most important system in bet365 code，And the balance of power、International Law、Diplomacy、War and great power management are systems of coexistence in bet365 code。Subsequent scholars of the English School mostly expanded and revised based on this，Among them, Buzan’s influence is especially great。He clearly divided the systems in bet365 code into primary systems and secondary systems，The former is an international practice that has evolved over a long period of time；The latter is an artificially constructed international regulation。As far as the relationship between the two is concerned，Secondary institutions reflect and support primary institutions，And must operate within the framework of the primary system and be restricted by it。

Finally，Order is the core goal。The English School believes that there are various value pursuits in bet365 code，And order usually takes priority in the ranking of values。Boole discussed the relationship between order and justice in depth，Believe that order in international relations is best maintained by satisfying the needs of justice，And justice is best achieved under orderly conditions。However，Reconciling order and justice is sometimes impossible，In this case, you have to make a difficult choice。Different from Boole’s approach of contrasting order and justice，Adam Watson places the relationship between order and independence at the center of theoretical analysis。He found that the relationship between political entities in the past was on a spectrum，Contains independent、Hegemony、Four basic types of domination and empire。Due to the tension between political entities seeking order and seeking independence，Making the shape of the international system swinging back and forth like a pendulum。Watson also distinguished individual hegemony and collective hegemony based on the concept of order、National Rationality and System Rationality，further enriches the discourse system of the English School。

　The main path of bet365 code construction

How the English bet365 code effectively integrated the above concepts，And then deepen and expand it into a theoretical system？The answer is that they strive to combine the three aspects。

In terms of topic setting，The English School insists on the combination of normativeness and experience。bet365 code relations theory must not only answer the questions of "what", "why" and "how"，You should also answer the questions of “is it right?” “is it good?” and “which one is better?”。In the view of the English School，Many issues in bet365 code relations require judgment of right and wrong，Pure value-free research is neither possible，It doesn’t make sense either。Boolean’s view is，The appropriate academic path is not to cancel value presuppositions，Rather, these presuppositions are explicitly stated and tested and criticized。Easy to find，The research topics of this school include highly abstract ethical issues such as the relationship between order and justice，It also includes highly empirical issues such as the process of non-Western countries entering the bet365 code community。

In terms of concept refining，The English School insists on the combination of abstraction and concreteness。The school’s way of forming concepts，Generally, it goes through two processes: abstraction and concretization。Abstraction refers to the process of deducing abstract concepts from specific practices or existing ideas that can serve as an analytical framework，Reification is the process of transforming abstract concepts into natural things that people believe are real。Take the international community as an example，English School scholars first summarized the basic concepts of bet365 code from the writings of natural law thinkers，On this basis, define the concept clearly；Then prove that bet365 code is not a fiction through international institutions，But things that actually run；Thereby elucidating the historical development of bet365 code and its geographical expansion from Europe to the globe；Finally, through case analysis of actions such as promoting human rights and conducting humanitarian intervention，Empowering the international community。This way，The vague concepts that were originally scattered everywhere gradually turned into clearly identifiable academic concepts，And finally fell into the daily operations of the real world。

In terms of opinion formation，The English School insists on the combination of integrity and innovation。Scholars of this school improve the discourse system through "intergenerational conversation"，Pay great attention to the inheritance of ideas，It is rare to deliberately pursue “starting over from scratch”。But this does not mean that they lack innovation，Rather, it means that their innovative ideas are carried out on the premise of "adhering to the right path"。Take the relationship between pluralism and solidarism as an example，When Boole first proposed this pair of categories，Refers to whether there is consistency or potential consistency in the implementation of laws across countries。The English School scholars later gave full play to this，Extend the subject from the national level to the individual level，Extend the scope from the field of bet365 code law to the field of bet365 code ethics，And the coalition faction appeared、Pluralism、The balance faction’s “three pillars” situation。Even Buzan proposed new concepts such as state-centered solidarity and embedded pluralism，None of them completely break away from Boole’s original discourse framework。

Basic characteristics of bet365 code construction

Admittedly，The English bet365 code itself also has obvious shortcomings，But it is generally relatively successful in terms of discourse construction。Can be found through further analysis，The discourse construction of this bet365 code reflects the distinctive characteristics of the following three aspects。

First，While attaching importance to problem awareness, we strive to transcend "specific problem awareness"。Classic writers of the English School once sought to avoid paying attention to current affairs and specific policies，The issues they are more concerned about are "historical rather than contemporary" and "principles rather than policies"。Herbert Butterfield criticized the study of bet365 code relations after World War II for “moving too hastily in the direction of utilitarianism、Too direct”，It is easy to produce "half-baked scholars who think in journalistic ways"。By asking general questions that go beyond recent events and current policies，The English School effectively avoided the presentist tendency that plagued the study of bet365 code relations。

Second，While carrying out conceptual innovation, strive to avoid "innovation" of concept transformation。The English bet365 code revolves around society、System、Three core concepts of order and their interrelationships，A concept group with strong explanatory power has been formed。This is inseparable from long-term and profound theoretical accumulation，In the process，Scholars are wary of so-called "innovation" in the form of conceptual transformation。Packaging things that can be understood by common sense with seemingly novel theoretical labels，Such an exaggerated approach is unusual in the discourse construction of the English bet365 code。

　Third，While focusing on a specific region, we strive to explore global "resources"。Due to the long-term mistranslation of "English bet365 code" as "British bet365 code"，As a result, some domestic scholars regard this bet365 code as the British national bet365 code。Actually，Representatives of the English bet365 code are not limited to England (for example, Charles Manning is a South African，Bourze was born in Australia)，The intellectual resources constructed by its discourse are also not biased towards the UK。This bet365 code initially relied mainly on European experience，Later, more use was made of global history and culture to construct discourse。This approach of combining regional and global aspects，To a certain extent, it contributed to the broadening of horizons and academic vitality of the English bet365 code。

(This article is a phased result bet365 code Xinjiang think tank project “Research on the Path to Enhance China’s Discourse on Counter-Terrorism” (XJZK2018YW007)

(Author’s affiliation: School of Politics and bet365 code Relations, Lanzhou University)