■"bet365 bonus code 2023 Issues in the Middle East: Geography、Political and Economic Investigation》File Picture

"bet365 bonus code 2023 Issues in the Middle East: Geography" by Zhu Hehai、Political and Economic Survey" book，It was published in the first edition of "Middle East" in 1996，Based on Fighting for bet365 bonus code 2023，After more than twenty years of thinking、The latest and perfect version。This book details the role of bet365 bonus code 2023 as a resource in the Middle East、Wealth and even weapons and other characters，Systematic discussion of bet365 bonus code 2023 problems in the Middle East and their solutions，Not only important information for hydrology and bet365 bonus code 2023 resources research，And bring reference bet365 bonus code 2023 political information to international relations research。

The connection between bet365 bonus code 2023 and international politics emerged very early，Except that rivers can serve as natural boundaries between countries，The navigation and utilization of rivers is also a bond of cooperation between countries，For example，The Treaty of Westphalia formed in 1648 opened up free navigation on the lower Rhine River。Although the practice of international bet365 bonus code 2023 politics started from the issues of international river boundaries and navigation，But due to the proper resolution of such problems，has received little attention from bet365 bonus code 2023 politics scholars。With the security of global bet365 bonus code 2023 resources，The non-navigational use of international rivers has been a core and hot issue in international bet365 bonus code 2023 politics since the end of the Cold War。

This book is based on a comprehensive survey of hydrology and bet365 bonus code 2023 resources in the Middle East，Focus on the Litani River、Nile、Euphrates River、Tigris River、Surface bet365 bonus code 2023 resources such as the Jordan River and the Assi River and underground bet365 bonus code 2023 resources such as the mountain aquifer in Palestine，Detailed review of canal drilling in various parts of the Middle East、Dike repair、Building a gate、Dam building、Methods such as digging wells，Use surface bet365 bonus code 2023、Groundwater and rainwater，Develop agricultural bet365 bonus code 2023 conservancy、The long and long history of industrial bet365 bonus code 2023 conservancy and urban bet365 bonus code 2023 conservancy。But the biggest highlight of the book is the discussion of bet365 bonus code 2023 politics surrounding the above-mentioned bet365 bonus code 2023 resources and their utilization。This book comprehensively summarizes the Nile River、Euphrates River、The short and tortuous history of competition for bet365 bonus code 2023 rights among the countries along the Tigris and Jordan rivers，Analysis of the competition for bet365 bonus code 2023 rights in the Euphrates and Tigris river basins and the Kurdish issue、The complex and delicate relationship between the oil issue and the leadership issue of the Baath Party，Details the close connection between the struggle for bet365 bonus code 2023 rights in the Jordan River Basin and Arab-Israeli bilateral relations and religious issues、The ins and outs of the “Johnston Mediation”, a major U.S. diplomatic event，And the formation of the meeting mechanism of Arab heads of state。

For example，The book discusses in detail how Syria and Iraq used linkage strategies when competing with Türkiye for bet365 bonus code 2023 rights in two rivers in the Middle East，Introducing Kurdish and other issues into bet365 bonus code 2023 negotiations，Thus improving your bargaining power。The PKK has always been an important political issue of concern to Türkiye，Syria exploits the Kurdish issue，Use it as a means to compete with Türkiye over bet365 bonus code 2023 resources and achieve success。1987，Syria used the Kurdish issue to force Türkiye to sign a bet365 bonus code 2023 agreement with Syria guaranteeing a minimum flow of 500 cubic meters per second to Syria。As opposed to this，Türkiye in response to the alliance between the two downstream countries，Proposed specific bet365 bonus code 2023 utilization and assessment measures to resolve the issue，The “three-stage” theory of developing and utilizing two rivers。This theory is based on a systematic assessment of river bet365 bonus code 2023 needs for irrigation by all parties，Concretely implemented by the engineering team of the Three Kingdoms，Divided into three stages。Careful study of bet365 bonus code 2023 resources in the first stage，The second phase of detailed study of land resources，Phase 3 Assessment of bet365 bonus code 2023 and Land Resources。Türkiye has carried out a series of propaganda around the "three-stage" theory，The proposal of this theory has undoubtedly bought time for Türkiye’s ongoing Southeast Anatolia (GAP) project，and played an instrumental role in counteracting criticism of the project。The "three-stage" theory is relatively mild，Partially eliminate the shadow of bet365 bonus code 2023 hegemony，It also gives Türkiye a head start in utilizing international rivers。

The book’s geography of international bet365 bonus code 2023 issues、Such an in-depth and detailed examination of politics and economics，Profound significance。In the final analysis，International bet365 bonus code 2023 politics is a regional issue，bet365 bonus code 2023 politics as an academic hot spot，It is gradually deepened with the expansion of the security concept and the regionalization of the focus of international political research。After the end of the Cold War，The scope of security studies was expanded to the military by the "Copenhagen School" represented by Barry Buzan、Politics、Economy、Society、Five areas including environment。1990s，Countries around the world are focusing their attention on their own development paths，With the development of industry and agriculture，The contradiction between the increasing bet365 bonus code 2023 demand and limited bet365 bonus code 2023 resources is expanding，bet365 bonus code 2023 crisis begins。Middle East countries face the common threat of bet365 bonus code 2023 shortage，The desire to work together to solve bet365 bonus code 2023 problems。Scientific Geography、Cultural inspection，Strict regional politics、Historical Argument，Is a prerequisite for evaluating economic and management solutions to bet365 bonus code 2023 problems。Region、Related geography of the river basin、Politics、Investigation in many fields such as economy is a key to solving bet365 bonus code 2023 problems，Many scholars at home and abroad who study bet365 bonus code 2023 politics have realized this。They start from different disciplines，Relying on its own profound academic background and theoretical knowledge，Analysis of the causes of international river conflicts and cooperation from different perspectives in various disciplines，And propose to resolve the conflict、Suggestions for promoting cooperation。There are varying degrees of bet365 bonus code 2023 political problems in our country and neighboring land countries，And，Whether it is the "Silk Road Economic Belt" or the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road"，Cannot bypass the Middle East，This book will undoubtedly have an important impact on my country’s relevant policies。

However，The book also has shortcomings。First，The author believes in the "Preface" to the first edition of the book in 2020，The term "hydropolitics" was invented by American political economist John Waterbury in his 1979 book Hydropolitics of the Nile Valley。But actually，“Hydropolitics” as a compound noun，Appeared as early as 1976 in Fabian Acker's "bet365 bonus code 2023 Politics in Southern Africa"。After the author’s suggestion，This book adopted this term when it was revised。Secondly，The book fails to make full use of the "Helsinki Rules Governing the Utilization of bet365 bonus code 2023 from International Rivers" adopted by the International Law Association (ILA) in 1966、Convention on the Protection and Utilization of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes adopted by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in 1992、Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses adopted by the United Nations International Law Commission (ILC) in 1997，International rivers in the Middle East (international drainage basins、Transboundary bet365 bonus code 2023、Allocation of bet365 bonus code 2023 resources in international waterways、Development、Use and protect the author’s own opinions。Finally，As an interdisciplinary monograph，The book fails to organically integrate viewpoints and demonstrate multidisciplinary solutions。Of course，This seems to be nitpicking，Because so far，International research on bet365 bonus code 2023 politics in the Middle East (including countries)、Basin、Research on groundwater, etc.) from different angles (including navigation、bet365 bonus code 2023 and electricity、Irrigation, etc.) case studies account for one-third of all bet365 bonus code 2023 politics literature，But most of them fail to integrate the strengths of each family，Formation Science、Rational and fair countermeasures。International bet365 bonus code 2023 Politics，There is still considerable room for exploration, especially in the political investigation of bet365 bonus code 2023 issues in the Middle East。

In addition，Although bet365 bonus code 2023 politics is generally a regional or even mainly inter-state issue in shared river basins，But the penetration of bet365 bonus code 2023 politics in the world’s hegemonic countries cannot be ignored。April 2021，U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris said in Chicago: "I have also attended many meetings on foreign policy，Many years in the past，Generations have fought for oil，And in the near future，They will fight for bet365 bonus code 2023。”Although the pure “battle for bet365 bonus code 2023” in history did occur on the plains of Mesopotamia 4500 years ago，But in modern times，Cooperation has also become a key word in solving international bet365 bonus code 2023 issues。bet365 bonus code 2023 resources in the Middle East are extremely scarce，Will the United States’ future foreign policy follow the bet365 bonus code 2023 source and “fight for bet365 bonus code 2023”?？Will other countries (including Middle Eastern countries) engage in bet365 bonus code 2023 wars in the future？The answers to these two questions though extend beyond the geographical scope of the Middle East，However, the book uses four chapters: "Utilizing bet365 bonus code 2023 Resources", "Expanding bet365 bonus code 2023 Sources", "Managing bet365 bonus code 2023 Resources" and "Protecting bet365 bonus code 2023 Resources" to examine various policies and measures for solving bet365 bonus code 2023 problems in Middle Eastern countries，Maybe it can provide readers with some important clues and revelations。

　(The author is an associate professor at Hohai University Law School、Part-time professor at Nanjing University Chinese and American Cultural Research Center)