■Joyce and Ms. Beech (left), the publisher of "bet365 withdrawal" at Shakespeare and Company in 1922。 Information picture

Many people know bet365 withdrawal，1922) is the Irish writer James Joyce，1882-1941) works，But what you may not know is，The first complete bet365 withdrawal was published in Paris。2022 is the 100th anniversary of the birth of this work，This is of special significance to the publisher of "bet365 withdrawal" - Paris Shakespeare Bookstore and even to the entire French literary world。

From February 2 (the date of publication of the English version of "bet365 withdrawal") to June 16 (Bloom's Day)，Shakespeare Bookstore holds consecutive reading events，More than 100 writers from all over the world、The artist read fragments of "bet365 withdrawal" respectively，In memory。Looking back a hundred years，This masterpiece representing the pinnacle of English literature can be published in Paris，There are many reasons。

　　A lady with a keen eye and a chivalrous heart

　A Sunday afternoon in July 1920，Sylvia Beach, owner of the Shakespeare Bookstore in the Latin Quarter of Paris from the United States，1887-1962) and French woman Adrien Monier, who was also a bookstore owner, were invited to attend a party hosted by a French poet。At the party，The poet whispers to Beech: "The Irish poet James bet365 withdrawal is here。”This shocked her。

Original，a few months ago，Joyce and the American poet Ezra Pound，1885-1972) When we first met in Italy，Pound persuaded him to come to Paris。At this time，Joyce has just finished Chapter 14 of bet365 withdrawal。He accepted Pound’s suggestion。The party is just to welcome Joyce。

Tonight，When everyone is talking about literature，bet365 withdrawal slipped into another room，Biqi also came to this room，And asked bet365 withdrawal, who was standing between two bookshelves: "You are the great James bet365 withdrawal？" Her voice trembled as she spoke。bet365 withdrawal raised his eyes from the book and saw this petite American woman，Stretch out your slender hand and say your name。His English has an Irish accent。He is very handsome，But there is something wrong with my eyes，Hiding behind thick lenses。The name of her bookstore (Shakespeare and Company，literally "Shakespeare and company") makes him laugh。That’s how they met。

The next day，Joyce came to Beech’s bookstore。They talked about the publication of his manuscript in the United States。Introduced by Pound，The first few chapters of "bet365 withdrawal" were serialized in the "Little Review", a pioneer magazine in the United States, from 1917 to 1918，The magazine owners are also two women，Named Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap。But the department responsible for censoring books and newspapers considers the content of the novel to be obscene and vulgar，“Corrupting young people and inciting evil”。The author was even sued to court，"bet365 withdrawal" was sentenced to never be published in English-speaking countries。Several issues of "Little Review" that published the novel were ordered to be burned，The magazine was closed，The publisher was arrested。

Beach and Monnier have heard that both the United States and Britain have banned the book's publication，But they know its literary value。France is the place where this work can be published freely at this moment，So Beech proposed，bet365 withdrawal published by Shakespeare and Company，Although Biqi has no money and no publishing experience，But Monier served as her adviser。Joyce did not play an encouraging role in this regard，He said to Beech: "You won't sell a single book，This book is boring to read。”

　　The English and bet365 withdrawal versions were released successively

February 2, 1922，English version of "bet365 withdrawal" published in Paris。Biqi chose this day intentionally，Because it’s the author’s 40th birthday。The cover design with white text on a blue background reminds people of the Greek flag，Highlight the echo between the work and Homer’s epic poem "The Odyssey"。First edition of 1000 copies，Book Sales Appointment。The next 14 years，"bet365 withdrawal" reprinted 14 times，Sold 2.80,000 copies。Many were bought by the British across the Strait of La Manche，Because they can’t get it in the UK。The U.S. ban on the book also brought fame to the book。It is said that George Bernard Shaw，1856-1950) and Churchill were the first to secretly buy this book。

In process of publication，Biqi also encountered many difficulties。Because the author has eye disease，So there are many spelling errors in his manuscript，He cannot correct the manuscript himself。The typesetting workers don’t understand English，It is said that the first edition of "bet365 withdrawal" contained as many as 5,000 errors。

Monier decided to publish a French translation after reading "bet365 withdrawal" for the first time。December 1921，The original English work has not been published yet，The translation work has already begun。French writer、The poet Valery Labeau (1881-1957) began to translate the section between Bloom and the two barmaids in the novel，And read this translation aloud in a lecture，Let the audience feel the musicality of the work。He also translated the final section of Molly’s monologue，And published in the magazine。April 1922，He claimed in an article，Joyce is the greatest living English writer，Can be compared with Jonathan Swift，1667—1745）、Laurence Sterne，1713-1768) and Henry Fielding，1707-1754) shoulder to shoulder。The ban he encountered in the United States，Just like the French writer Flaubert (1821-1880)、Baudelaire (1821-1867) and American writer Walt Whitman，1819-1892) encountered the same。

Rabo’s article is an introduction to French readers。“The most remarkable thing about James Joyce，It is a journey to this era，In this era，The power of creation comes from his own awakening。"The implication，No need to look for the source of spirituality in ancient times。He also said: "Obviously，The author never gives up the human perspective of the characters in his works。No matter what advantages and disadvantages these characters have，Whether it is humble or noble，They are human beings。A man of flesh and blood，Finish his day。This is what we see when we read bet365 withdrawal。”

1924，Auguste Morelle (1820-1874) began to translate the complete "bet365 withdrawal"，Completed in 1928。Rabo is responsible for review，Joyce himself also participated in the review work。1929，Monier publishes the complete French translation of "bet365 withdrawal" for the first time。And until 1934，The U.S. publication ban on this book has just been lifted。Britain will have to wait until 1936。

　　bet365 withdrawal as the Soil for Modernism

"bet365 withdrawal" can be published in Paris，Except for the help of the two ladies，It is also related to the cultural atmosphere of Paris。

1920s，Not long after the First World War，The revival of the Anglo-American economy and the depreciation of the franc made bet365 withdrawal a favored world capital。A large number of tourists from English-speaking countries not only come，And I won’t leave。English newspapers are easy to find in bet365 withdrawal、Taverns and Music Halls，These strangers are listening to jazz here、Drinking coffee、Sipping a cocktail。The Left Bank of bet365 withdrawal is home to immigrant artists and poor students from the Latin Quarter。Shakespeare Bookstore becomes a cultural exchange center for English speakers。Boss Bi Qi and friend Monier not only open a bookstore，Also provides foreign exiled writers with a fixed address for sending and receiving letters，and introduce them to editors and publishers in France。

Among the writers who came to Paris at bet365 withdrawal time was Pound、Ernest Miller Hemingway，1899—1961)、T.S.Thomas Stearns Eliot，1888—1965）、Henry Miller，1891—1980）、Scott Fitzgerald (F.Scott Fitzgerald，1896—1940）、Gertrude Stein，1874-1946) etc.。Recitals of various works、The lecture also allowed French readers to discover a new world of literature—American literature and English literature。Of course，French writers also discovered the new world of literature，André Gide (1869-1951)、George Duami (1884-1966)、Jules Romain (1885-1972) and Labeau are all people who came to participate in the exchange activities。Most of these people belong to the "lost generation"，The First World War and its brutal scenes destroyed their youthful dreams，But in the exchange of literature and art，They found solace。

Joyce himself as an Irish exiled writer，I was surrounded by such an environment after arriving in Paris。"bet365 withdrawal" is today regarded as the pioneering work of modernist literature，But it was like a seed，Need to find the right soil for it。Paris in the late 19th and early 20th centuries，Modernism sprouted and flourished in various fields。New Art、Symbolism、Expressionism、Cubism is waiting in painting、Sculpture、Music、Literary aspects penetrate each other、Impact。Artists from all over the world meet in Paris，Enjoy the free air needed for artistic creation。

bet365 withdrawal was unwilling to accept the conservative atmosphere of Dublin in 1906，In order to get rid of the constraints of family and religious restrictions，Leaving Ireland。First in Trieste, Italy，Then taught English in Zurich, a neutral war zone。He himself is interested in European culture，He speaks Italian at home with his two children，Also speaks German、Greek and French。Dublins (1914), a work he published while in exile、"Portrait of a Young Artist" (1916) and other works won him a certain reputation。The style of his works is closer to that of Ibsen and other continental European writers，Not Irish Literature。

Dadaism started in Zurich in 1916，bet365 withdrawal must have seen it。Soon，Dadaism, which advocated the total negation of traditional culture, was replaced by Surrealism。The abandonment of reality leads people to the pursuit of myth，Revolt against orthodox art gave rise to parody。Myth and parody have become the two major artistic trends of this era。

"bet365 withdrawal" applies the story framework of Homer's epic "Odyssey"，Traditional linear narrative is replaced by mythical body。Mixed use of objective narrative and inner monologue，Shows a complete break with 19th century literature。When Joyce, who has a world perspective, arrived in Paris, the base camp of modernist thought, with his modern "bet365 withdrawal"，Paris and "bet365 withdrawal"，As water is to fish，Their encounter is both accidental and inevitable。

　　The influence of "bet365 withdrawal" on France

Although "bet365 withdrawal" was not well-received in France、British ban，But it’s not all smooth sailing。After the English version is published，There are more criticisms than praises。Until 1929 when the French translation was published，Only received more praise。It took Le Monde's literary critic Robert Camp two full weeks to read，My feeling after reading it is: "a sea，A great flood...a huge book，Nothing left after reading，Except one that is intoxicating、Dazzled、Tired space。Just like after reading Rabelais (1494-1553)，Beautiful yet disgusting。”

The 1929 bet365 withdrawal translation was later published several times by Gallimard Press。Until 2004，The new translation was translated by a collaboration of 8 people under the leadership of Jacques Aubert，Republished by Gallimard Press。

100 years ago，"bet365 withdrawal" not only allows French readers to appreciate Joyce's writing art，Also by influencing French writers，Promoted the modernization process of French literature。Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922-2008), the founder of the New Novel School, publicly admitted that he wanted to write because of Joyce。Claude Simon (1913-2005), who is also a representative of the new novel, said that he learned from Joyce and William Faulkner，1897-1962) where I learned to read。French contemporary novelist、Critic and structuralist representative Philippe Solers is an expert on Joyce，He often published research papers on Joyce in his avant-garde magazine "As It Is"。Lacan (1901-1981) first met Joyce when he was 17 years old，He later used the content of Joyce’s works to explain his psychoanalytic theory。Contemporary French writer Philippe Forrester does not think "bet365 withdrawal" is an "unreadable" book，He said that everyone can read themselves in it。

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the publication of "bet365 withdrawal"，Related celebrations were held in various venues in Paris, including Shakespeare and Company，And culminated in Bloomsday, June 16th。A century has passed，Shakespeare Bookstore is still continuing its legend。If you come to Paris one day，Recommend you to come to this internet celebrity check-in bookstore，Although it has changed its address。But once you enter the bookstore，You can still feel the artistic atmosphere of Paris’ Latin Quarter。Imagine Joyce’s bet365 withdrawal，This is where you get out of Paris、Going to the world。

　(The bet365 withdrawal is an associate professor at the School of Chinese Language and Culture, Beijing Language and Culture University)