bet365 best casino games Global climate change is one of the most severe challenges facing countries around the world today。Current United States、Japan and other developed countries have continuously adjusted climate governance policies，Reflect that Western countries have the latest response to global climate governance dilemma，There are also many reflection on this academic community。and China is a responsible country as an international community，We are trying to play more positive effects in the global climate governance field。This issue of "Academic Round Table"，Invite three scholars，Further explain the theory and practice of global climate governance from different dimensions。

　　Path selection of China participating in global climate governance

◇ Li Huiming

Global climate change has become a severe challenge for current threatening human survival and development。China will promote the "double carbon" goal，In addition to the extremely arduous domestic operations，Must be based on reality，Participate in and lead the global climate governance with a more positive attitude，Research many challenges facing China，Strengthen system response。

　　Enter a new stage of pursuing carbon neutrality

Special Committee of the Special Committee (IPCC) Sixth Evaluation Report display for intergovernmental changes in the government，If global warming will exceed 1.5 ℃ in the next decades or later，Some effects will be irreversible。To achieve goals controlled by global temperature rise control within 1.5 ° C，Global carbon dioxide emissions will reach net zero in 2050。

Severe nature of climate change promotes the international community to improve action。The Paris Agreement in 2015 officially determined the global climate governance goal of 2 ° C and worked hard at 1.5 ° C，After the world gradually formed a trend of net zero emissions (or carbon neutral)。2017 Sweden formally made it clear that it will be realized by 2045，and the national legislation，Become the world's first country to establish a net zero target。Subsequent，Britain and the European Union both ensure net zero emissions and carbon neutralization schemes through corresponding legal guarantees。China Make a major commitment in September 2020，It must reach carbon neutralization by 2060。Under the promotion of key acts such as global climate governance such as the European Union and China，South Africa、Japan、South Korea, Canada and other countries have made a net zero target announcement。January 2021，After the Biden government in the United States came to power，Confirm that the United States will achieve net zero emissions by 2050。This indicates，In the face of the increasingly severe impact of climate change，The international community is regaining the determination and will of active response to the crisis，Promoting global carbon neutralization and target realization has become the consensus and trend of global climate governance，Global climate governance has entered a new stage。

　China's triple challenge

First，As the world's largest developing country and the largest carbon emission country，An important foundation for China to participate in global climate governance is the degree of carbon neutralization。From the comprehensive impact of global climate change and the comprehensive impact of global climate governance on the development of world economic and social development，Systematic changes that need a wide and profound economic and social development in realization of carbon neutrality，Promoting the realization of carbon neutrality requires the various systems of the country for completely different previous adjustments and reforms。China is facing the dual problems of economic and social development and transformation and rapid emission reduction。On the one hand，China has huge total carbon emissions，and still the energy structure of "one coal independent"; on the other hand，China's emission reduction time is short，Half of the half time from carbon peak to carbon neutralization，This will cause China to face the urgent needs of high -quality development，It also faces the unprecedented huge emission reduction pressure。How to resolve the contradictions between the two，While ensuring its high -quality development, guide the response to international cooperation in climate change and promote the construction of global ecological civilization，Need China to formulate a clear and firm climate strategy。

2，The restrictions on bet365 best casino games China in developed countries in the United States，Affecting the breadth and depth of China participating in global climate governance。With China's rapid rise，From the perspective of international strategic overall situation，The strategic competition between China and the United States and Europe is increasing，Especially the United States has increasingly regarding China as the main competitor。But at the same time，To cope with global climate change, it also requires cooperation between countries，To a large extent, the United States and Europe need China's positive "cooperation"。Current，Deep -dependent dependence between China and the world economy，China and the United States (West) cannot truly "decoupling"，The development of globalization still has many objective promotion factor that does not take people's will as the transfer，China is undoubtedly the global international division of labor、International Trade、Key acts in the international industrial chain and supply chain，The United States and Europe also need active participation in China in many ways。That's for this，At present, China is actively involved in and leading global climate governance to a certain extent to a certain extent.，Need to maintain active cooperation with China，There are constant prevention and suppression of China，Especially using its low -carbon technology、Carbon tariffs、International Investment and other advantages to curb China。This trend largely affects and limits China's in -depth participation in global climate governance and the improvement of relevant international rules。

third，The huge pressure on the global economic recovery is intertwined with the strong return of traditional security challenges，The implementation and practice of China's concept of participation and leading the global climate governance。The epidemic of new crown pneumonia has spread to a large extent that the international community's attention to climate change issues，Make many countries invest more resources and energy into emergency problems such as people's livelihood and employment，So the pressure of economic recovery is unprecedented，Delayed the global low -carbon transformation process。At the same time，​​International War and conflict leads to a strong return of traditional security issues，Realist politics will undoubtedly further weaken the agenda of global governance，serious impact of the implementation of the global climate governance agreement，further exacerbation of the already serious deficit。This short -term and local disorder of international order has weakened the common destiny of various countries，Excessive international tensions，The political basis for the political foundation of China's concept of building a community of human destiny in global climate governance is affected，Some international cooperation operations that China is being promoted will also be very disturbed。

　　Path selection of China to deal with challenges

On the overall overall situation，Enhance the strategic fixed force，Facing a big change in the face of a century，Actively and steadily promote the "double carbon" work，Open the road for China's high -quality development，It also laid a solid foundation for actively leading the global climate governance。China's "double carbon" goal is a strategic measure to close China's internal development needs with the need to protect the common interests of human beings。For this，China must follow the established goals and policy measures that have been established，Continue to promote the change of energy transformation and economic development mode，China's successful realization of emission reduction goals itself is a major contribution to global climate governance，It has also improved China's active leading global climate governance to increase strong international reputation。

In the international situation，To continue to strengthen the role of multilateralism and the United Nations，Adhere to international moral priority，Promotion of the impartial order of global climate governance、Maintenanceers of Global Climate Justice and providers of climatic governance public products。Under the background of the current disorder of international order，Whether in the field of global energy transformation，Still in the field of low -carbon development，International public products are even more scarce。China will start from the strategic height of international stability and international morality，firmly promoting the construction of a community of human destiny，Based on its own actual ability, it provides practical public products for the world，For example, the construction of green development into countries Bet365 lotto review along the route through the construction of the "Belt and Road" is built，South -South cooperation in the field of climate management，Maintain the overall interests of developing countries。At the same time，Starting from the height of the interests of all human beings，Based on the overall situation of climate governance，Actively strengthen the coordination and cooperation with the United States and Europe on climate issues，Firmly maintain the governance order established by the Paris Agreement，Increase international trust，Use China's own concept、The effective implementation of the implementation rules of the Paris Agreement for responsibility and action。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of Political Science and Public Management of Shandong University、Deputy Director of the Institute of Environmental Political Research)

　Research issues and progress of Western global climate governance

◇ Li Qiang

Current，The focus of the Western academic community on global climate governance research focuses on the relationship between the epidemic and climate change of new crown pneumonia、"Leadership" and the responsibility of the great country、Global Climate Governance Model and other important issues。

　　New crown epidemic and climate change

The impact of the epidemic of new crown pneumonia and global response will jointly determine the future climate policy。Germany Woodpertal Climate、The Institute of Environment and Energy Institute, Wolfgang Obergassel, etc., is studying how the global climate governance is consistent with the recovery scheme，Focus on the five major governance functions of international institutions，Send guidance and signal、Establish rules and standards、Define the transparency and responsibility、Determine the implementation terms、Promoting collective consensus。

For the epidemic and climate change of new crown pneumonia，Slowing and adaptation is indispensable。Researcher Rolando Fuentes of Egade Business School of Mexico Monterem University of Technology and Professor Marzio Galeotti, professor of environmental science and policy at the University of Milan, Italy, and the University of Milan. A comprehensive comparison of epidemic and climate change，To how much experience to find out the experience of responding to the epidemic in the new crown pneumonia is applied to the problem of climate change。They think that the two have the same conceptual structure，The external requirements of its stock requirements must include slowing and adapting to two aspects。Due to the new crown pneumonia's epidemic and climate change, they are typical global public products，Therefore, these two problems need to be sufficient international cooperation。Cooperation requires individual incentive balance、Net income and transaction costs cannot be too high。

New crown pneumonia's epidemic and climate change brings major negative externality and other risks to human society。Various experiences and lessons to respond to the policy of new crown pneumonia provided a chance to reflect on the climate policy and its process。The European Commission Joint Research Center David Klenert, etc.、Public health response and the attention of the green recovery incentive scheme。

　　Leadership and the responsibility of the great country

The research on "leadership" in international relations has always followed two paths: follow the hegemony logic in international negotiations and follow different types of "leadership" logic。The unique features of the two for "leadership" and who can keep the leaders and followers under the pursuit of common pursuit。Confusion and conceptual confusion about the school leaders on the academic community，Robyn Eckersley, a professor of political sciences at the University of Melbourne University of Melbourne in Australia, divides leaders into "Front-Runnership" and "Substantive Leadership"。He further distinguishes "leaders" into cooperative leaders and competitive leaders，The former refers to a pioneer in a certain field or the most of the people who do more intended to establish an example to attract others to follow or generate cooperation and collective action，The latter does not hesitate to sacrifice the interests of others in order to win performance or competition。Competitive leaders may attract followers，and "actual leader" must have followers。

Big powers are always strongly required to bear special responsibilities in global affairs，Also always obtains special rights for taking the trend，But the standard system that requires or recognizes the responsibility of the great country is obviously missing。Professor Steven Bernstein, a professor at the University of Toronto Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University Bet365 lotto review of Toronto, pointed out，This lack of British school in the theory of international relations、New realism、Several mainstream schools such as liberalism and constructivism are in trouble。The lack of responsibility of the country can be explained as a system of a system and a big environment.、A fragile empirical connection between environmental action and international order maintenance、Unrelated special rights。On the contrary，The institutionalized distribution of environmental responsibility originated from the North -South conflict and is constantly being eroded，It becomes more vague and deviates from the concept of national responsibility。These facts all indicate，It is necessary to reflect on the relationship between the relationship between the great power and the special rights and responsibilities that have important systemic impact problems involved in the environment。The United States wants to dominate the world climate policy，Not only must you consider environmental factors，and consider the economy、Factors such as geopolitics and national security。Former US Secretary of State、James A. Baker, Honorary Chairman of the Baker Research Institute of Rice University, believes，If the American climate policy is designed proper，You can use major strategic opportunities to change the vulnerability of its country。They think，Climate change is the most important foreign policy challenge，Any feasible solution requires all major countries to act。Only the climate league led by the United States can gather sufficient economic power forced China、India and other major economies participate in it。

　　Reflection in the global climate governance model

The "Kyoto Protocol" in 1997 and the Paris Agreement in 2015 are based on voluntary basis，This will trigger a "ride" behavior that weakens the effectiveness of the agreement。Nobel Prize winner、William Nordhaus, Professor of Economics at Yale University in the United States, believes，Governments of various countries have always used a defective architecture when trying to conclude a climate change treaty。He suggests，Countries need to re -define the connotation of the climate agreement，and instead the existing mode with incentives with incentives。According to the new plan，If countries accept the club model and agree to punish the countries that do not participate，So，The disadvantages of "taking a car" in the International Climate Agreement can be avoided。Based on this，He proposed，The operation of the climate club requires two major characteristics: first, the participating countries must be designed to meet the climate goals and have consistent emission reduction indicators.。David Held, a professor of politics and international relations at Duoren University in the United Kingdom, and Charles Roger, assistant professor of the Institute of International Relations, Spain's Barcelona International Relations Institute, will "Paris Models" and with climate governance and The previous "Kyoto Model" and "Copenhagen Mode" compared。They think，Different measures taken in the field of global climate governance are different，But there are corresponding advantages and disadvantages。"Paris Mode" has new progress compared to the previous model，But the elements of the early mode are fused。The lesson provided by the Kyoto mechanism is that setting forced emission reduction indexes from top to bottom are not feasible，The failure of the Copenhagen Conference is due to rigid emission reduction indicators、The unanimous emission reduction target after 2012, and the huge differences between the Annex I and the Non -Affiliated One State of the Convention on the Framework of the United Nations。Director of the Institute of Grand, the Institute of Grand, the School of Political Economics and Economics, London, England、Associate Professor Robert Falkner of International Relations believes，The success of the Paris Agreement lies in creating the overall framework of autonomous flexible and flexible，But its climate policy must accept international verification。The Paris Agreement has changed the compulsory allocation system of "top -down" before，The independent commitment method of "national independent contribution" resolved the major obstacles in climate negotiations，But did not completely turn the climate governance mode into a "bottom -up" governance mode，Instead, create a "soft mutual benefit" mechanism with "commitment and review"。

In short，The current research issues and progress of Western global climate governance reflect the reflection of global climate governance dilemma，On bet365 best casino games the other hand, it reflects the intention of western countries to compete for global climate governance leadership。

　　(This article is the State Social Science Foundation Project "Research on the Construction of Global Climate Governance Talk in Paris Times" (18bgj082) phased results)

(The author is the dean of the School of International Relations at Tianjin University of Foreign Languages、Professor)

　　Financial and tax policy tools to achieve dual carbon targets -analysis based on Japan as an example

◇ Li Qingru

Japan announced in October 2020 that it will achieve the long -term goal of carbon neutrality in 2050，In April 2021, it was proposed that the mid -term target of 46%of the greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 compared with the carbon peak in 2013。For this，The Japanese government introduced the "Green Growth Strategy"，Strive to create a "benign cycle of economic and environment"，Emphasize the use of multiple policy tools to promote the implementation of carbon neutrality。

Increase financial investment，Create the "Green Innovation Fund"。To achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in 2050，Japan has made a lot of innovation in policy design。As financial support measures，Special setting in the "Green Innovation Fund" with a total amount of 2 trillion yen in the fiscal budget，It mainly supports indispensable in the process of carbon neutralization、Key areas of the basis of industrial competitiveness，From technology development、Empirical to social application，Continue to provide funding support in the past ten years。

"Green Innovation Fund" is divided into three key areas，One is the popularity of green power，Including low cost of wind power generation at sea、Development of solar batteries for the second generation, etc.; The second is the conversion of energy structure，Including the construction of large -scale hydrogen energy supply chain、Promotion of hydrogenation hydrogen、Application of hydrogen in the steel forging process、Construction of fuel ammonia supply chain、separation and recycling of carbon dioxide、Development of emission reduction technology in waste treatment, etc. The third is the industrial structure conversion，Including the development of a new generation of batteries and motors，The development and empirical evidence of the popularization of new energy vehicles、Construction of Smart Travel Society、Construction of Digital Infrastructure for the next generation、Development of a new generation of aircraft and ships、The development of carbon dioxide cutting and absorption technology in the agriculture and forestry and water industry。March 2021，The fund is officially established，and start bidding。August 2021，Asahi Hando、Daily Walk、Tokyo Electricity、New Ridie、Japanese hydrogen energy and other enterprises' hydrolysis equipment technology development and power diversified conversion empirical project、International hydrogen supply chain technology and hydrogen energy power generation technology development project obtained approval。

Introduction of tax preferential policies，Promoting enterprise carbonization investment。During the establishment of a carbonized society，Carbonization investment in private enterprises plays a vital role。For this，Japan's "Green Growth Strategy" proposed，The Japanese government will be in the "challenge to lead the new era，Investment in bold、Give full support for innovative private enterprises "。Support policy as a tax，Japan created the "Carbon neutralization and investment promotion tax system" in 2021，and officially implemented it in August 2021。

"Carbon neutralization and investment promotion tax system" mainly includes two aspects: one is the "production equipment with significant decarbon effect products" stipulated in the tax law; "Equipment for processed and increased value -added"，This system aims to use tax discounts，Stimulate the enthusiasm of enterprise equipment investment，Encourage enterprises to develop environmentally friendly products，Improve production process process，Promoting production and operation mode conversion，This is conducive to the implementation of carbon neutrality in the whole society。

At the same time，To promote the coordinated development of the digital economy and the green economy，Japan also created the "Digital Transformation Investment Promotion Tax System" in the tax system in 2021。Enterprise purchase of equipment and software that complies with the tax law，Use digital technology to improve business efficiency or improve services，Under the conditions to meet the productivity or open up new production and sales models, and ensure network security，You can directly credit the legal person's tax at 3%of the Bet365 app download price obtained by the equipment and software，or choose to depreciate at 30%of the price obtained; to encourage data sharing，In the case of data sharing and cooperation between cross -enterprise groups，Derelation standards can be increased to 5%of the price of equipment and software obtained。"Carbon neutralization and investment promotion tax system" and "digital transformation investment promotion tax system" to claim the upper limit of legal person tax is 20%of the current legal person tax amount。The Japanese government expects to pass these two systems，Guide future industrial development direction，Encourage enterprises to upgrade carbon neutralization and digital transformation to strategic level，In order to actively invest in long -term sustainable development and enhance competitiveness。

Discussion design new type of carbon tax，Give play to the regulatory role of tax policy。The current carbon tax of Japan is called "Earth Warm Countermeasure Tax"，Taxation of carbon dioxide emissions caused by fossil fuel，Carbon dioxide emissions per ton is converted to collect 289 yen，Countries that have levied carbon taxes internationally at a lower level。With the increase of emission reduction targets，The regulation role of the tax policy is more important。For this，Japan's environmental effort to push new carbon tax，and set up a special agency to discuss and design the tax rate and levy of carbon taxes，It is expected to gradually increase the amount of carbon dioxide emissions per ton of carbon dioxide，and expand the tax collection link。

In order to clarify the economic and social impact of the new type of carbon tax，June 2021，The Ministry of Environment Organization Japan Policy Investment Bank Group Value Comprehensive Research Institute and the National Institute of Environmental Research Institute，Use professional technology to calculate。The results show，First，Suppose the tax rate of the existing "Earth Warm Countermeasure Tax" increases by 1,000 yen、3000 yen、5000 yen、10,000 yen，​​According to the calculation results of the two institutions，The higher the tax rate, the more significant the emission reduction effect.，But at the same time，In the case where the fiscal expenditure structure is unchanged，The higher the tax rate，The more negative impact on the actual domestic product (GDP); the second，According to the calculation results of the National Institute of Environment，If the taxation income of carbon taxes is used to subsidize energy conservation and emission -reduction -related investment，So the negative effect on GDP can be greatly slowed up; third，According to the calculation results of the Institute of Value Comprehensive Institute of Policy Investment Banking Bank of Japan，If the taxation income of carbon taxes is used to subsidize energy conservation and emission -reduction -related investment，Not only the negative effect on GDP can be greatly slowed，Even when the tax rate is the highest (increase 10,000 yen)，It is still possible to achieve the economic growth rate when the economic growth rate exceeds the carbon tax。So，How to achieve the two stands of economic growth and energy conservation and emission reduction，The key depends on the use of tax income。

Carbon tax is a kind of carbon pricing mechanism，Wide coverage、Tax rates are stable and predictable and other advantages，Can reduce the market's demand for high carbon energy，Carbon tax is a kind of carbon pricing mechanism、Improve energy use efficiency，and promote energy conservation and emission reduction、Development and technological changes of clean energy; at the same time，New taxes can be used to promote investment、Innovation and technology popularization，Optimize resource allocation，Improve fiscal status，These factors constitute the reason why Japan's current plan to levy new carbon tax。but，If tax increases，Equivalent to increase corporate burden，It may cause business difficulties，These burdens may ultimately be reflected in the price of products and services，Increase the cost of living in residents; at the same time，The emission reduction effect that regulates through taxes cannot be completely guaranteed; in addition,，Due to the increase in domestic carbon pricing，International competitiveness that may affect the industry，These are issues that are currently required to levy new carbon taxes in Japan。

Starting to formulate a carbon border adjustment mechanism，Improve the right to speak international rules。Problems that may reduce the international competitiveness of the industry for the collection of new carbon tax，Proposed bet365 live casino games in the Japanese industry，The angle of integration from inside and outside，While exploring the new type of carbon tax while promoting the carbon border adjustment mechanism。Carbon border adjustment mechanism is levied carbon border tax or tariffs in imported goods from environmental restrictions.，Improve the carbon price of imported products，Maintain the competitiveness of your own products，Prevent domestic production enterprises from flowing out of countries or regions with lower carbon pricing to avoid carbon tax，Causes industrial hollowing。Current，The United States and the European Union have begun to discuss planning，For this，Domestic in Japan，Japan should also start as soon as possible，Determine the regulatory measures of the country's carbon border。The specific direction is，On the one hand，Strengthening cooperation with European and American countries in terms of rules formulation and technical standardization，Play influence during the formulation of international rules，Ensure that the interests of Japan's interests，Forms an international rules system dominated by Europe, America, Japan，Create an international environment that is conducive to Japan; on the other hand，Cooperate with emerging countries on specific projects，Use international rules and technical advantages，Provide energy -saving emission reduction equipment、Clean Energy Development、Carbon recycling、Nuclear energy、hydrogen energy、Biofuel、ammonia hydrogen burning projects and infrastructure construction expand overseas markets，Ensure that Japanese overseas interests。January 2022，Japanese Prime Minister Kishita Tianshio proposed in his governance policy，Japan will use technology in the fields of hydrogen and ammonia、System and experience advantages，Build a "zero emissions community" with Asian countries，Strategic intent that Japan will continue to strengthen influence in international carbon and processes。

Actively promote carbon peaks in countries around the world、Under the general trend of carbon neutral，Reasonable design and effectively exerting fiscal and taxation policies is an important subject，The above -mentioned Japanese practice can provide some reference。Calculated according to the Japanese government，Under the "Green Innovation Fund"，Taking the government's 2 trillion yen budget as the start -up fund，It is expected to attract the research and development and equipment investment of private enterprises for 15 trillion yen; under the action of "carbon neutralization and investment promotion tax"，It is estimated that it will create a private investment effect of about 1.7 trillion yen in 10 years。Actually，Carbon neutrality is not only related to the adjustment of the domestic industrial structure，It is also related to enhancement of international cooperation and international competitiveness，So，Coordination of multiple policy means、Coordination of internal and external policy，Only the dominance of the development of larger overseas markets and international rules。

　　(The author is an associate researcher at the Japanese Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)