According to the internationally accepted definition，International bet365 live casino games refer to specific actors，A proactive action taken to force other specific actors to act according to their own will by subjecting them to losses and damages，These actions are non-violent、Non-cooperative punitive or warning action。Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis in February 2022，The United States and its allies and partners have imposed severe bet365 live casino games on Russia，Scope of bet365 live casino games、Strength、Frequencies are unprecedented，The forms of bet365 live casino games are dizzying。It can be said，bet365 live casino games, especially economic bet365 live casino games, have become one of the basic means for the United States to maintain its global hegemony。To deepen our understanding of the process and effects of the formation and implementation of bet365 live casino games targets，It is necessary to classify the various forms of bet365 live casino games。In a nutshell，bet365 live casino games, especially those directly or indirectly related to the economy，Can be roughly summarized into the following eight categories of means or approaches。

The first is ad valorem bet365 live casino games。Any bet365 live casino games that directly affect the price or cost-benefit of international trade and investment，All can be attributed to ad valorem bet365 live casino games，If the tariff rate is increased、Control or limit the price of trade goods、Manipulate or influence exchange rates, etc.。Developed countries led by the United States impose price limits on Russian oil exports，is a representative example。

The second is quantitative bet365 live casino games。Any bet365 live casino games that have a direct impact on the quantity of trade and investment，That is, quantitative bet365 live casino games，For example，Implement quotas or even embargoes or import boycotts on imported and exported goods and services，Technical blockade by restricting the export of high-end equipment。The relevant case is，Japan was forced to adopt automatic export restrictions after the US-Japan trade dispute in the 1980s；The EU recently announced that it will end its dependence on Russian fossil fuels by 2027。

The third is employee bet365 live casino games。bet365 live casino games targeted by bet365 live casino games involve specific persons or specific institutions，All can be classified into this category，Like expelling diplomats、Restrict or even completely ban the exchanges of scientific, technological and cultural personnel、Implementing discriminatory immigration and refugee policies, etc.。The United States announces bet365 live casino games list of Russian officials or business people、Creating a “blacklist” of Chinese companies、Reject Chinese students from enrolling in cutting-edge science and engineering courses in American universities，All can be considered as members and sanctioned。

The fourth is funding bet365 live casino games。All bet365 live casino games related to financial transactions can be included in financial bet365 live casino games，If stopped、Withdrawal or restriction of investment or capital contribution，Blocking financing channels，Downgrade financial institution rating，Fine，Freezing overseas assets and even foreign exchange reserves，Reduce or cancel loans and aid, etc.。Related example one is that the World Bank suspended funding for projects under construction in Russia and Belarus and started new projects，Second, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s application to the SEC for registration and issuance of US dollar global bonds was ultimately not approved。

The fifth is bet365 live casino games from the Internet。A certain country、Some entity、A person is expelled from part or all of a specific digital network or system，That is, bet365 live casino games from the Internet，For example, cutting off Internet access or disqualifying network access, etc.。After the Ukraine crisis，The first relevant example is that the United States and Europe jointly kicked many Russian financial institutions out of the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)，And many Internet providers in the United States and Europe cut off contact with Russian suppliers or stopped applying for operating certificates to Russians。

Sixth, bet365 live casino games from the alliance。Use union、persuasion、Win over、The practice of using threats and other means to form multinational collective actions，Definitely a sanction from the alliance，For example, the sanctioning country initiates the creation of a regional group organization targeting competitors，Or collectively reject major international events organized by opponents。The United States and Europe established the Trade Technical Committee (TTC) and the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) led by the United States，The targets are all pointed at China。During the Cold War, the two camps of the United States and the Soviet Union boycotted the Moscow and Los Angeles Olympic Games，The scene is vivid in my mind。

Seventh, name-based bet365 live casino games。Occupy the "moral" commanding heights、Use the power of international discourse to "justifiably" disparage and humiliate the target country，It is the basic feature of name-based bet365 live casino games，For example, blacklisting or labeling certain countries as insulting。In the 1970s, the United States defined the Soviet Union as an "evil empire"，At the beginning of the 21st century, countries such as Iran and North Korea were defined as "rogue countries"。Ranking countries through various indicator systems，It is also a common method to stigmatize opponents。

The eighth is compliance with regulations and bet365 live casino games。“Regulations” here refers to rules or systems including standards。Any bet365 live casino games related to the establishment and implementation of rules are compliance bet365 live casino games，Such as promoting the establishment of non-neutral multilateral or regional rules，Create or modify domestic laws，Develop discriminatory standards that increase costs for opponents。The world has seen the United States and Europe implement so-called "friendly shore outsourcing" standards to replace the international division of labor based on the principle of efficiency，And the United States’ extrapolation of domestic laws，Suppressing competitors through so-called "long-arm jurisdiction"。

Although the above eight types of bet365 live casino games methods or methods are listed in order，But not in the same dimension。In a certain sense，Comply with regulations and bet365 live casino games、Name-based bet365 live casino games and alliance-based bet365 live casino games are one dimension higher than the first five types of bet365 live casino games。Because the establishment and implementation of non-neutral rules are usually reflected in other types of bet365 live casino games practices，Pinning the opponent to the pillar of moral shame will undoubtedly help enhance the "legitimacy" of various other bet365 live casino games，Forming a united front with allies and partners will obviously increase the effectiveness of other bet365 live casino games。In specific bet365 live casino games practice，The sponsoring country usually uses the above bet365 live casino games alone or in combination according to specific goals。Overall，bet365 live casino games are actions in which the initiating country considers its absolute or relative gains and losses，Whether the target country surrenders to the request of the initiating country，Mainly determined by the vulnerability and sensitivity of its economic or security dependence on foreign countries。Historically speaking，There are many cases of success and failure of bet365 live casino games。Right now，The bet365 live casino games imposed by Western countries, led by the United States, on Russia have indeed caused difficulties for the latter’s economy，But the degree of difficulty is far lower than generally expected in the early stages of bet365 live casino games。What consequences will the long-term continuation of bet365 live casino games have on Russia，What counterproductive situations will it bring to Western countries，At present, it is still full of uncertainties。

(The author is a member bet365 live casino games Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Director bet365 live casino games Institute of World Economics and Politics)