According to the definition of international traffic，International sanctions refer to the specific behavior body，Actions taken by the latter by actively acting in accordance with their own will by losing and damage to other specific acts，These actions are non -violence、Non -cooperative punitive or warning action。Since the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis in February 2022，The United States and their allies have imposed severe sanctions on Russia，Scope of sanctions、strength、The frequency is unprecedented，Sanctions are dizzying。It can be said，Sanctions, especially economic sanctions, have become one of the basic means for the United States to maintain its global hegemony。In order to deepen the understanding of the formation and implementation process and effect of sanctions，It is necessary to classify the various sanctions methods of various forms。Speaking，Sanctions, especially directly or indirectly or indirectly related sanctions，It can be summarized as the following eight categories or channels。

First, sanction from price。All sanctions means directly influenced by bet365 Play online games international trade investment in price or cost income，All can be attributed to price sanctions，If the tariff rate is increased、Control or limited trading price、Manipulating or affecting exchange rates, etc.。Developed countries led by the United States to restrict Russia exported oil，This is a representative case。

Second, sanction from volume。Any sanctions on the number of trade investment in the number of trade investment，is sanctions from volume，For example，Implement quotas for import and export products and services, or even embarked or imported resistance，Technical blockade of technical blockade by restricting high -end equipment exports。The relevant case is，After the US -Japan trade dispute in the 1980s, Japan was forced to adopt automatic export restrictions; the European Union recently announced that it will end the Russian fossil fuel dependence by 2027。

Third is sanctions from members。Sanctions objects involving sanctions involving specific people or specific institutions，can be attributed to this category，If you expel diplomats、Restrictions or even comprehensively block the exchanges of science and technology personnel、Implementation of discriminatory immigration and refugee policies, etc.。The United States announced the sanctions list of Russian officials Bet365 app download or business people、Make a "blacklist" for Chinese companies、Rejecting Chinese students studying at the cutting -edge science and engineering discipline of American universities，All can be considered sanctions from members。

Fourth is sanctions from funding。All sanctions related to funding can be included in sanctions，If you stop、Withdrawing or restricting investment or funding，Blocking financing channels，Reduce the rating of financial institutions，Feming，Frozen overseas assets or even foreign exchange reserves，Reduce or cancel loans and assistance。Related example I are the World Bank suspension of Russia and Belarus projects for funding and launching new projects，Second, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank applied for the registration and issuance of the US dollar global debt to the USS Stock Fair.。

Five is sanctions from the Internet。Will a country、A certain entity、Some person or all out of the specific digital network or system，is sanctions from the Internet，For example, cutting off the Internet access or canceling the qualification of the network。Ukrainian crisis occurs，Related cases first push the United States and Europe together to play many Russian financial institutions out of the Global Bank of Financial Telecommunications Association (SWIFT)，and many Internet bet365 best casino games suppliers in the United States and Europe cut off to contact Russian suppliers or stop applying for an operational certificate with Russians。

Six is ​​alliance sanctions。Use union、persuasion、、Threats and other means to form a group of collective operations for multinational countries，Being a League sanctions，For example, the sanction country initiated the establishment of a regional group organization for competitors，or collectively rejected major international activities organized by the opponent。The US -Europe Establishment of Trade Technology Committee (TTC) and the Indo -Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) created by the United States，Its spearheads are pointing to China。The two major camps of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War resisted Moscow and Los Angeles Olympic Games，Its scenery is in purpose。

Seven are sanctions from names。Occupy the height of "moral"、Using international discourse rights to "be right and righteous" degradation and humiliation object country，The basic feature of the sanctions from famous sanctions，For example, to include some countries on a blacklist or stick an insult label。In the 1970s, the United States defined the Soviet Union as "Evil Empire"，At the beginning of the 21st century, Iran and North Korea defined countries such as "hooligan countries"Bet365 lotto review 。Ranking to various countries through various indicator systems，It is also a common means to stigmatize opponents。

Eight is the rules of regulation。"Regulations" refer to rules or systems including standards。Any sanctions related to the establishment and enforcement of rules are sanctions from regulation，If promoting the establishment of non -neutral multilateral or regional rules，Create or modify domestic laws，Formulate discriminatory standards for increasing the cost of opponents。The world has seen the so -called "Friends Outsourcing" standard to replace the international division of labor based on the principle of efficiency，and the United States will push out domestic law，Pressing competitors through the so -called "long arm jurisdiction"。

The above eight types of sanctions or channels are listed in turn，but not in the same dimension。In a certain sense,，Sanctions from regulations、From the name sanctions and Alliance sanctions, it is higher than the first five categories of sanctions。Due to the establishment and enforcement of non -neutral rules, it is usually reflected in other various sanctions practice，Nailing the opponent on the pillar of moral shame is undoubtedly helping to improve the "legitimacy" of various sanctions，A united front with the allies and partners can Bet365 app download obviously increase the effectiveness of other sanctions。In specific sanctions practice，The initiative will usually use the above various sanctions methods based on specific targets。Overall，Sanctions are the act of initiating the country's general market to consider its absolute or relative gains and losses，Whether the target country succumbs to the request of the initiated country，It mainly depends on the vulnerability and sensitivity of its economic or security dependence。Look at it historically，There are many cases of sanctions and failures。At present，Western countries headed by the United States have indeed encountered difficulties in the latter's economy，But the degree of difficulty is far lower than the general estimation of people in the early stages of sanctions。What consequences will the long -term persistence of sanctions cause in Russia，What will it bring to Western countries that are violated，At present, it is still full of uncertainty。

(The author is a member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Director of the Institute of World Economic and Political Research)