This article is one of the "Public Management" articles in the 10th edition of the 160th issue of "Chinese bet365 coupon code Sciences Journal"。

Public administration and public management must establish their own academic discourse and academic norms，Form academic identity and academic identity，Must answer the assumptions of bet365 coupon code on which his theory is based，Especially regarding human cognition、Assumptions about Preferences and Decision Making，Thus establishing its own discipline on a solid normative foundation。

Rational choice: basic assumptions of bet365 coupon code

Social science studies the interactive process of human society，It is impossible to avoid the issue of bet365 coupon code and choice。For example, Soros，It is to base one’s theory on the subjectivity of bet365 coupon code、Based on assumptions such as uncertainty and cognitive one-sidedness，Start his thinking about financial markets，Thinking about the entire human social order。Therefore，Assumptions about bet365 coupon code，Becomes an unavoidable issue for any discipline called social science。

Economics took the lead in proposing rational choice theory assumptions about bet365 coupon code，That is, personal behavior is completely rational，Pursue personal interests，Achieve maximization strategy。Rational choice theory has become the cornerstone of economic theory，Also becomes the cornerstone of decision-making theory。Some scholars believe，In a competitive market economy，From an evolutionary perspective，Only rational individuals can survive，Irrational individuals will eventually be eliminated by the market。The great explanatory power of rational choice theory for behavior in the market economy，Economists are not satisfied with limiting their research scope to human economic behavior and economic life。So，An extended economic analysis of bet365 coupon code，In different fields，Expand in different ways，The common purpose is to establish a common basis for human behavioral assumptions for the social sciences。

Of course，Some economists have begun the process of extending the bet365 coupon code assumptions of rational choice theory to other areas of analysis，An analysis that extends rational choice theory to the political and government fields，Created a new tradition of social choice theory and public choice theory。Arrow was the first to apply rational choice theory to the field of social choice，Proposed the Impossibility Theorem。Downs applies rational choice theory to the analysis of democracy and bureaucracy，Proposed the median voter theorem and bureaucratic behavior model。Buchanan and Tullock apply rational choice theory to democratic and constitutional analysis，The methodology is specifically explained in their work，And analyzed the problems caused by majority democracy from the perspective of decision-making costs and external costs。Ostrom specializes in applying public choice theory to the study of public administration，Proposed the polycentric governance theory in public administration。

Many studies in experimental economics have shown that，No matter in the pure market field，Still in the field of social dilemma，Individuals are not as rational choice theory predicts，Pursue maximization of private interests。“Trust Game” Model、“Prisoner’s Dilemma Game” Model、“Ultimatum Game” Model、A series of experimental economics research results such as the "Dictator Game" model show that，Trust、Some non-economic interest preferences such as cooperation and social preferences will affect personal choices and behaviors。So，Some scholars have also begun to reflect on the harm of public choice theory to the bet365 coupon code political field and the public sphere，Alternative theoretical ideas have been proposed，Such as communitarian theory, etc.，Emphasis on the importance of values ​​such as virtue and justice in the political and public spheres。

Cognition, motivation and decision-making: three processes of bet365 coupon code

What elements should be included in the hypothesis of bet365 coupon code？Just as fully accepting rational choice theory is an irrational choice，Completely rejecting rational choice theory is not a rational choice。Here，Ostrom made a good choice，That is, based on the assumptions contained in rational choice theory，Abstract and summarize the general elements contained in the theoretical assumptions of bet365 coupon code。She described the structural elements of rational choice theory，Summary into three aspects: First, the assumption of complete information；The second is the assumption about the preference for pursuing material interests；The third is the assumption about maximizing selection mode。Based on this，She believes that the theoretical assumptions of bet365 coupon code can be thought about from three aspects，i.e. information and human mental models、Evaluation model of process and results、Select model。At the same time，She also advocated the development of "second generation theory of agential selection"，Attempting to combine rational choice theory with institutions、Social capital、Consider the problem together with specifications and other factors。This way，Makes assumptions about bet365 coupon code，Can integrate rationality、System、Culture、Tradition、Trust、Norms and elements of social capital。North in the two books "Understanding the Process of Economic Change" and "Violence and Social Order"，Also trying to convert belief、Consciousness、Human intention、Culture, tradition and other factors are integrated into the analysis process of institutional changes and economic performance。

Combining game theory、The latest research results of information and incentive economics，We think,bet365 coupon code can be divided into three processes and links，That is, cognition、Incentives and Decisions。First, cognitive process，It involves the stimulation of the human brain by the external environment、Reaction and understanding，And the process of consciousness，North’s mental model can summarize this content。There are different assumptions about cognition，such as perfect cognition and imperfect cognition，The former assumes that human cognitive abilities are infallible，Imperfect cognition assumes fallacy in cognition。If you add an evolutionary perspective，Human cognitive processes and mental models are also a process of constant revision and change。The second is the motivation process，It involves human cognition、The source of consciousness and action，That is, human exploration of the world、What is the most fundamental motivation for choosing actions and changing the environment。Incentives are often associated with beliefs，It is a vision of what the future is and wants to be，This belief has the potential to lead to good results，It may also lead to bad results。The third is the decision-making process，It involves the active process of human beings facing their own environment，That is, in the process of human beings facing diversity，Which solution to choose to solve the problem，The decision-making process is ultimately influenced by understanding and belief，Understanding is achieved through the process of cognition，Beliefs are implemented by motivational processes，The decision-making process is a function of understanding and beliefs。Of course，Human cognitive process、The motivational process and the decision-making process do not occur in a vacuum，This makes assumptions about bet365 coupon code and institutions、There is a complex interaction between culture and environment。bet365 coupon code itself is also an adaptive process，bet365 coupon code creates institutions and belief systems to reduce uncertainty，In turn, institutions and belief systems themselves also affect human behavioral assumptions。(Source: China Social Sciences Journal Author: Li Wenzhao Unit: School of Public Administration, Renmin University of China)