bet365 games is a word that is used frequently in daily life，Another very important theoretical concept (especially in the field of political science or political philosophy)。David Johnston believes: “There are two main ways to apply the concept of bet365 games。In the first way，The concept of bet365 games is used between individuals - or more accurately，Relationship between individuals。In this context，It is generally believed that the act of bet365 games confirms authorization、Obligations are created and risks and liabilities are transferred from one party to another。”Other than that，“In a discussion of the relation of government to all that it governs，Also applies the concept of bet365 games。If the people want to ask whether their government is legitimate (a very old question)，One of the most famous points in the (partial) response，It is believed that the government gains legitimacy due to the bet365 games of all the governed”。This is the so-called legitimacy issue of political authority or political power。In addition，Political obligations of the governed，Also determined by their relevant bet365 games。Usage of the latter concept of bet365 games，Making it an important concept with academic or theoretical significance，And eventually developed a form of thought called bet365 games theory in the field of political philosophy or political science。

　The emergence and revival of the concept of bet365 games

Looking at the entire history of Western thought，The concept of bet365 games with political or political philosophical significance，Dating back to at least ancient Greece。Plato in his early work Crito，Describes Socrates’ thinking on the issue of political obligation。After Socrates reflects on his life in Athens，Concluded by living here voluntarily，He made an original agreement with this city-state to obey its laws；And，Through his voluntary act of continuously living here for more than 70 years，He makes this agreement updated every day。Socrates’ conclusion，In fact raises the question of political legitimacy stemming from bet365 games，is the prototype of a mature concept of bet365 games。

The intellectual world of the European Middle Ages was mainly dominated by Christianity，And Augustine was the first famous interpreter of Christian thought。In Augustine’s opinion，Political rule is “the control of bad men within the limits of some earthly peace”，It arises from the need to suppress our sin。Gives control to the state，Neither the will of individual citizens，It is not the collective will of citizens，But divine wisdom。After Augustine，As late as the 8th century Thomas Aquinas still believed，A government with legitimacy has its divine source，Rather than from the bet365 games of the governed。However，Between approximately 1100 and 1350，Some Medieval Philosophers、An important change occurred in the ideas of theologians and canonists about government and its legitimacy。For example，About 1300，Duns Scotus pointed out，Political authority should come from "public bet365 games and community election"。Scotus in the theory he conceived，Imagine a city formed by a group of strangers。In this city，Since there is no natural paternal authority as an object of obedience，Therefore，He thought that they might generally submit themselves to a ruler by bet365 games or that each might submit himself to the authority of the community。It can be seen from this，After centuries of decline，There were signs of a renaissance in the idea of ​​bet365 games as a matter of political legitimacy。

　　Enlightenment thinkers used bet365 games theory to deny theocratic rule

With the rise and gradual maturity of the bourgeoisie，Their political demands are getting stronger and stronger。In order to gain political status to protect and safeguard their economic interests，The ascendant bourgeoisie obviously urgently needs a theory to fight against、Negies the theory of divine right of kings that served feudal rule in the Middle Ages，In this social context，The bet365 games theory based on the concept of bet365 games came into being。

Thomas Hobbes incorporated the idea of ​​bet365 games into his radical monarchism，He believed that supreme power derives from an agreement based on the bet365 games of each individual。However，He suggested monarchy as the best outcome of such an agreement。Although Hobbes re-emphasized the concept of bet365 games in order to deny theocracy，But the inherent limitations of its theory (defending monarchy)，However, its single concept of bet365 games failed to develop into a more persuasive concept、A theory sufficient to have a greater impact。Later Locke continued to advance based on this concept，Finally, for the first time in history, a more complete bet365 games theory was proposed。The second part of Locke's "Treatise of Government" is considered "the most classic document expounding the theory of bet365 games"。Lock said: "Human beings are born free、Equal and independent，Without my bet365 games，No one can be left out of this state，To be subject to the political power of another。”Locke clearly insisted on and elaborated on the principle of bet365 games in the political field，This forms the classic theory of bet365 games。In this classic theory of bet365 games，Any political authority must gain legitimacy，Any political obligation must be legitimate，The only way is to obtain the bet365 games of the governed。However，Given that so few people give explicit bet365 games in real life，Therefore, in order to fully demonstrate the universality of the bet365 games principle，Locke affirms express bet365 games， On the basis of expressly given bet365 games，further proposed the so-called tacit bet365 games，One translation implicitly agrees) concept。Lock believes，As long as a person occupies or enjoys any part of the territory of any government，He therefore gave his implicit bet365 games，Thus during the period he enjoys the same as any person belonging to that government，He is obliged to obey the laws of that government。The concept of implied bet365 games proposed by Locke，Seems to resolve the potentially embarrassing problem for theorists that most citizens have not explicitly given their bet365 games to the state，Thus giving a clever defense of the principle of bet365 games in political life。

It should be said，Locke’s bet365 games theory has played a very revolutionary role in history。Before the theory of bet365 games was established，The standard explanation of the legitimacy of political obligations and political authority is the theory of divine right of kings。The theory of divine right of kings，The reason why people are obliged to obey the ruler，Because the ruler’s power comes from God。The bet365 games theory gives people the status as the source of all rights and obligations，I don’t think that people are born with all kinds of shackles。Opposite，It believes that people are born free and equal，Therefore，All constraints must be justified for themselves，The only legitimate reason lies in the individual’s voluntary behavior。Obviously，This explanation is in line with the interest demands and objective needs of the emerging bourgeoisie，Complied with the overthrow of the old ruling regime、The historical trend of establishing a new political order。

　bet365 games theory faces doubts and objections

However，This classic theory of bet365 games founded by Locke，Since its founding，has been questioned and opposed by many aspects。It goes without saying that there are problems with express bet365 games，I have a preliminary understanding of it from Locke himself，Some Western scholars later further emphasized this issue。For example，Edward A. Harris believes: “The problem with express bet365 games is，The interpretation of political obligations is strictly limited to those involving only the very few who actually make such representations of bet365 games。”Zai Ru，In George Klosko’s opinion，“Few individuals have given express bet365 games to their government。In most cases，Individuals are born into a specific society，To the government of this society，They have legal obligations。Only in special circumstances，A person must have the behavior necessary to voluntarily assume political obligations。There is a fundamental difficulty here: the assumptions of bet365 games theory about the voluntary nature of political relations clearly contradict these facts”。George Klosko thinks，Precisely to avoid these problems with express bet365 games，bet365 games theorists resort to so-called “implied bet365 games”。This way，many years，The "bet365 games theory" has always been the "implied bet365 games theory"。But tacit bet365 games was proposed by Locke soon after，It was criticized by Hume。On Locke’s view of residence as an expression of tacit bet365 games，Hume pointed out: "For a poor person、Not understanding foreign languages ​​and customs、Farmers or craftsmen who live on the meager wages they earn，Can we seriously say that he had the freedom to choose whether to leave his country or not？If you can say so，Then，For a man who was moved to a ship in his sleep、The only way to leave the ship is to jump into the sea and drown，We may equally claim that his continued presence on the ship signified his voluntary bet365 games to be governed by the ship's owner。”

　bet365 games theory is in obvious decline

Although the theory of bet365 games in the sense of political science or political philosophy has been strongly questioned by Hume and others，But theorists continue to use the concept of bet365 games in its traditional Lockean understanding and in a sense that Locke apparently did not consider。Until 1981，John Simmons publishes the widely influential book "Moral Principles and Political Obligations"，formed a subversive critique of bet365 games theory in the political field。John Simmons challenges bet365 games theorists on how to “achieve government by bet365 games”，This concludes his discussion of bet365 games theory。can be considered，In the study of Western political science or political philosophy after this，The status of bet365 games theory has gradually declined and even been completely rejected by some important scholars。To this，Edward A. Harris summarized this in a paper published in 1992: "In recent years，Liberal political philosophy continues to use the social contract as a theoretical tool，But the concept of hypothetical agreement replaces express bet365 games and implied bet365 games”；“Contemporary liberal political theory promotes two different propositions on the issue of political obligation。An argument for using the social contract as a theoretical tool，Replacing the principle of bet365 games with the concept of hypothetical agreement in order to explain the principle of social justice。Traditional social contract theorists use the principle of bet365 games to explain the legal authority of the state and the obligation to obey its laws。In the process of moving from express and implied bet365 games to assumed agreement，Contemporary social contract theorists no longer place their hope in the task of giving an adequate account of political obligations”。The second claim of liberal political theory is that it follows from the failure of explanations based on social bet365 games that the concept of political obligation cannot be justified，And nothing is lost by giving up the concept。This kind of assertion leads people to the camp of philosophical anarchism。Although these two claims are different from each other，But they all think，Social contract theory based on tacit bet365 games cannot provide an adequate explanation of political obligations”。

The so-called two propositions proposed by contemporary Western political theory on the issue of political obligations，What they all have in common is the abandonment or denial of the bet365 games theory: the first claim resorts to hypothetical agreement，The premise is that the bet365 games theory is invalid；The second proposition is to give up the concept of political obligations，In the final analysis, it is due to the failure of bet365 games theory to explain political obligations，Deprecated due to failure。From this point of view，bet365 games theory as the basis of Western political science or political philosophy，It has been declining since at least the second half of the 20th century，The glory of the past is no longer，The trend of decline is obvious。As some scholars have clearly pointed out: "Since the late 20th century，There is a trend in mainstream political philosophy to reject bet365 games theory，Whether at the domestic or international political level，Scholars no longer recognize the status of bet365 games as a source of political obligation and a prerequisite for joint action。”

　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund project "Research on the Migration of bet365 games Concepts from Politics to Ethics and Its Legitimacy" (17BZX019)

(The author is a Distinguished Professor of "Qiantang Scholar" at Hangzhou Normal University)