Bet365 app download

This article is the "China Social Sciences" No. 1187Issue11One of the "Public Management" articles.

In our country，The petition system is an administrative supplementary relief system，Similar systems abroad are called the System of Supervision Commissioner。Supervision Commissioner System comes from constitutional practice and government system，It originated in Sweden in 1809，The English name of the Supervisory Commissioner Ombudsman，Originally a Swedish vocabulary，Its original intention is wide，refers to the representative or agent of the public or a group。When the administrative supervision commissioner of the Swedish Parliament has a wide range of influence and starts to spread around the world，ombudsman transforms into a special vocabulary，Special refers，Independent investigation and handling officials of the public's illegal and bad behavior of public sector or government officials。Supervision Commissioner's system was first introduced to Nordic，After World War II, the United States、Europe、Asia、Africa countries and regions。Today，There are more than 80 countries and regions in the world set up a monitoring commissioner system。

　　The Origin of the Supervision Commissioner

1713，King Charles VII, King of Sweden set up an official office led by the king's highest supervisor (that is, later judges)，One of the responsibilities is to assist the king's most basic responsibility，As the correctness of public administration。This is the origin of the supervisory commissioner。Revolution in Sweden in 1809，Swedish Parliament imitates the practice of the King's establishment of the King of Justice，Establishing a monitoring commissioner，As a representative of the parliament, "Supervise whether the judge and government officials abide by the law，and in accordance with the legitimate program of the law，Using violence in the process of fulfilling its duties、Those who are illegal or other reasons for personal interest or other reasons to pursue prosecution with their duties "。The original supervisory commissioner was only 1，until 1915，Parliament has also appointed a military monitoring commissioner。After the end of World War II，Military Supervision Commissioner and the Council Supervision Commissioner merged into an office，It consists of three equal status communities，collectively referred to as parliamentary supervisory commissioner。When reorganizing in 1976,，The number of supervisory commissioners has increased to 4 people，One of them is the chief supervisory commissioner。The current Swedish Supervisory Commissioner not only has parliamentary elections，There are also government -assigned and private group hired，From the central to local governments, it can be set up。

　　Supervision Commissioner is more professional

Swedish Parliament Establishment of the Supervision Office，The Office includes 4 supervisory commissioners，One of them is the chief supervisory commissioner，These 4 commissioners are responsible for different supervision tasks in different aspects，Chief Commissioner is responsible for supervising taxes、Civilian and document archives，The other 3 specialists are responsible for supervising the judicial organs and prison administration，Military and local governments and enterprises、Institutions and social welfare departments。Another 50 staff members are equipped with 50 staff members to assist the commissioner for work，Including 23 legal workers (23 of the 23 legal workers，40%from ordinary courts and administrative courts，60%from government agencies) and 22 secretaries and assistants。And the monitoring commissioner is more professional，If market policy supervision commissioner、Men's Women and Workers Simultaneous Monitoring Specialist、News Supervision Commissioner, etc.。

　　The scope of monitoring involves almost all the government fields

Article 2 of the Swedish "Council Supervision Commissioner instruction Law" stipulates: "Supervision Commissioner Supervision Court、Administrative bet365 live casino games organs and local and regional government agencies and their public officials and employees，Supervision of other individuals exercised by public power、Officials and employees in public enterprises。"" In fact，Except the Cabinet Minister、Judge、Federal or local members、Directors of the Central Bank are not within the scope of supervision of the Parliament Administrative Supervision Commissioner，The scope of supervision of the supervisory commissioner almost involves almost all the government fields，Not only can you monitor all the administrative agencies of general central and local governments，You can also investigate people to the police station、Ministry of Foreign Affairs、Security organs and appeals to the state -owned chemical industry and health care。

　　Investigate according to citizen complaints or vocational rights

The working method of the monitoring commissioner is mainly to investigate and deal with citizen complaints or according to job rights。The way of monitoring commissioners exercise the right to monitor the rights: 1. Inspection: Every supervisory commissioner has the right to inspect the institutions and units that need to be inspected when he thinks that he needs to inspect，To find a problem，Put forward improvement opinions。2. Examination: Article 12 of the Government Organization Law stipulates: "The supervisory commissioner can attend the court or administrative organ and have the right to check the conference records and documents of these institutions。"" 3. Accepting complaints: Parliament Administrative Supervision Commissioner has the right to directly accept and handle the citizen's appeal case for the government。The result of the handling of the complaint includes refusal to accept、Direct case、Transfer to other agencies to handle or enter the investigation procedure。According to Article 19 of the Council Supervision Commissioner Instruction Law，Supervisor's obligation to inform the complainant's handling opinions on the case as soon as possible。4. Investigation: If the Commissioner of the Parliament finds that there are problems with relevant departments through various channels，They have the right to take the initiative to investigate。5. Punishment: Cases within the scope of power，Supervisor has the right to punish。6. Legislative suggestions: Supervisory commissioners have the right to monitor the law of law enforcement，When the commissioner discovers legal and policy disadvantages, he has the right to propose a legislative proposal。

　　my country's petition system is a form of the people's participation in politics

my country's petition system is not the same system as the Western supervision commissioner system，They just have a certain similarity。my country's petition system has a clear political significance，It is a form of the people's participation in politics，It is a concrete manifestation of the people's democratic system，and the supervisory commissioner system does not have this effect。

Compared with the comparison of my country's petition system and foreign supervision commissioner system: First，The organizational design of the petition system has a certain conflict with the current functional requirements。2，The composition of the institution of the petition agency needs to be improved，The institution is slightly bloated。third，Loose a petition system，The division of power is not clear enough。Fourth，The working procedure of the petition department needs to be further adjusted。

From the current situation，The reform of the petition system is imperative，The problem of not being properly solved by letters and visits may affect social harmony and stability。The reform of the petition system is a systematic project，All aspects of society，The reform of the petition system itself is one of the most important parts。

(Source: Chinese Social Science Journal Author: Zhao Yingzuo Unit: Shanxi Normal University)

Editor in charge: Virtual system user