bet365 Play online games

The earliest examples of open innovation theory come from computers in the United States、Information Technology、Pharmaceutical and other high -tech industries。Innovative environment、Innovative subject、Innovative resources、The openness of creative development and the imperfect environment of the enterprise，Decided many risks in the process of open innovation in the enterprise。If you can't control and resolve risks well，It will give the enterprise a fatal blow。Chinese companies implement open innovation and start late。Research open innovation and risk management，For enterprises in my country to effectively carry out innovative activities and successfully commercialize innovation knowledge，It has important theoretical and practical significance。Generally speaking，The defects of the open innovation mode itself and the imperfection of the internal and external environment of the enterprise will lead to the emergence of innovative risks。Specifically，The following uncertain factors lead to four major risks in open innovation。

　　Risks caused by uncertainty

According to the survey of 500 large enterprises in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology，These companies have established more than 3,000 strategic alliances，Each company has 5 & mdash; 6 strategic alliances，Including a strategic alliance with competitors。SIMARD and WEST pointed out，Any enterprise in open innovation needs to establish a relationship network from two aspects: breadth and depth。At the same time，Enterprises must also ensure that knowledge flows into the value brought by the company，More value created by the outflow of internal knowledge。can be found，The number of alliance partners is more、The competition bet365 Play online games for the core dominance of the network，These are the significant features of open innovation，There are many uncertainty。

First is the ability to innovate participants for complementary ability、Balanced status is uncertain。These conditions include: (1) Whether the ability of the partner is just the need for the innovator。(2) Whether the ability of innovative participants will have a shortage or waste。The most ideal situation is，The ability of innovative participants is at the same time as the internal and external environment changes、Increase or decrease in the same proportion。Another，Inside the company，It is also necessary to focus from the previous research and development staff to rely on all employees，This may also occur with uneven ability between employees。For example，Generally speaking，R & D personnel may pay more attention to technical advancedness，Manufacturers may pay more attention to cost leading，Marketing staff may pay more attention to effective meetings and marketing investment。

Followed by the ability of innovative coordinators。These abilities include: (1) the perspective of corporate leaders、Insight ability、Management ability、Innovation ability, etc.。(2) The coordination ability of innovative network coordinator，Including knowledge sharing of promoting innovation participants、Avoid opportunities、Balanced participants' investment and return、Guide the healthy development of the innovative network。

Once again, the company's ability to collect and innovate resources is uncertain。In the past, it mainly refers to the ability to find useful resources in limited innovative resources，Now it mainly refers to the ability to identify and useful resources in excessive innovative resources。Research Discovery，The innovative resources required by many companies have already existed，But I didn't find them。According to & ldquo; open innovation & rdquo;，75%& mdash; 95%of the Bet365 app download patents are hibernating。For example，More than 90%of German patents are not commercialized，Procter & Gamble only uses 10%of its own patent。

Finally, the company's ability to commercialize the commercialization of innovation resources is uncertain。This market led by the seller mainly refers to the ability to successfully produce products，The market led by the buyer mainly refers to the ability to quickly profit product sales，In addition, it also includes the ability to sell innovative resources that use little use to profit to the outside world。Sometimes，This income will be very high。For example，IBM's annual commercial authorization income is generally more than $ 1 billion，The annual R & D expenditure is about $ 6 billion，That is, the income of commercial authorization is offset about 1/6 of the R & D expenses。

In the process of selling innovative resources，It is likely to encounter & ldquo; Arow information paradox & rdquo ;: Before the other party buys your technology，What role does this technology need to understand to some extent。but，Once you tell the other party your technology more detailed，The other party has actually obtained most of the information of this technology for free。Converse，If you restrictly introduce the technical information to the other party，The other party will not fully recognize the value of the technology。Mozilla, which is known for inventing Firefox (Firefox) browser, is: if the product source program is involved，All must go through very strict processes，Layers to check，Layers of review，It is possible to enter; and the extension of the product、Productization of the product，None of them use strict procedures。

　Risks caused by technical uncertainty

UTTERBACK pointed out，In the early stages of technological development, encountering a new technical impact，Innovative managers are always keen to make significant improvements on the existing technologies that have been impacted。but，They underestimated the powerful energy of bet365 live casino games these new technologies，So I was eliminated by the market。Another，Technical leaders may not make the most profitable。Intel Company rarely conducts basic research，Rarely has the fastest or cheapest CPU (the most advanced CPU is produced by Motorola)。but，Its CPU sales can exceed 4 times its biggest competitor，And this is the case for many years。This is because there are many uncertainty in technology。

First of all, the degree of technology is uncertain。First, the company's technical leadership of competitors is not familiar with，Second, the company's leading level of new technologies generated in the same period (mainly refer to different technical standards)，Third, it is not easy to grasp the degree of leadership when technology launch。Enterprises must not only consider profitable with new technologies as soon as possible，Also consider continuous profitability with new technologies。It is difficult to profit from technology backward，But the technology is too leading、One step in place，Instead, it may become an obstacle to the sustainable development of the enterprise。

Followed by the complexity of technology。One of the characteristics of the new economic era is the continuous integration of technology and technology。Many technologies now are comprehensive complex and high -tech，Enterprises may lack the ability to understand the mechanism of technology。

Once again the speed of technology update is uncertain。First, it is difficult to master the speed of competitors for technology update (passive update replacement)，Second, it is difficult to grasp the timing of self -renewal (active update replacement)。We can learn from Intel & ldquo; marginal income = marginal cost，When the profit is maximized, actively update the chip technology & rdquo; experience。

Finally, the development of complementary technology and alternative technology is uncertain。If the development of complementary technology is lagging，It will make it difficult to expand the development scale bet365 best casino games of new technologies，Someone nicknamed & ldquo; In a world without both gasoline nor highways，Sell Ferrari sports car & rdquo;。For example，The development of mobile phone battery technology will limit the development speed of mobile phone technology，One of the main reasons for the rapid development of the Internet，The invention of large -capacity batteries greatly extend the time of the notebook computer。If the alternative technology develops rapidly，It will make it difficult for enterprises。

　Risks caused by project uncertainty

Project risk caused by project uncertainty mainly refers to the value of the project。These values ​​include: (1) Short -term commercial value。How much benefits of the project bring to the enterprise，Not determined by the enterprise alone，Also consider the profitability of competitors。For example，Due to imitation、A lower cost of infringement，Many innovative products in China have not brought more benefits to innovators。(2) Industrial value in the mid -term。How much benefits of the project bring to the industry，This is difficult to evaluate。Some projects make the entire industry profitable，Such as a smartphone; some projects make a single enterprise monopolized，If the operating system; some projects make the entire industry more difficult to profit，If free antivirus software。(3) Long -term social value。How much benefits of the project bring to the society，This is even more difficult to evaluate。For example，& ldquo; Lean meat essence & rdquo; I was initially promoted as a new technology，After 20 years of use, it was discovered that the toxicity was too toxic and was banned; DDT was first vigorously promoted due to the effect of insect extinguishing，It was prohibited from the harm of the entire ecosystem after 30 years; at the current research process of large controversial transgenic crops，It also adopts open innovation，It has not fully discovered its negative impact。Another，Business value in a small bet365 live casino games case、Industrial value、Social value can be taken into account，In most cases, the three conflict with each other。

　Risks caused by market uncertainty

First，Market positioning uncertain。This is related to whether consumers can quickly identify the value of innovative products。As the sales cycle of various products is getting shorter and shorter，It is likely that the leader did & ldquo; popular science work & rdquo;，The follower made money。

Next，In the early stage of the innovative product, the customer and the later customers are uncertain。Enterprises are likely to sell good products to inappropriate customers，There is an urgent need、Customers who can bring generous returns can not buy products。For example，Apple only uses the Chinese mainland market as a pivotal market，Can't help but make a big mistake。

again，The importance of customers is uncertain。Enterprises are likely to spend a lot of manpower、material resources、Financial resources have maintained unimportant customers，Here you can use customer life value (CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE，Refers to the importance of a client that may bring to the company in the future) to evaluate the importance of customers。Another，Customer needs are also different。The previous experience is，As long as the harsh customers are satisfied，​​Other unlocked customers will also be satisfied。The current situation is，The difference in demand between customers is increasing: if the product function is designed very comprehensive，It is difficult to highlight the main functions; if the main function is highlighted，It is difficult to take into account the needs of most customers。How to get the balance here，Absolutely a big test for enterprises。

Last，Market capacity is uncertain。Not only is it difficult to evaluate the overall capacity of the market，And it is difficult to evaluate the market share of the company in the overall capacity。For example，Motorola's & ldquo; Xingxing Plan & rdquo;，The main reason is that bet365 best casino games it cannot form stability、Customer groups with a certain scale。

(Author unit: Hubei University Business School、Wuhan Corporate Enterprise Innovation and Enterprise Growth Soft Science Research Base)

Reprinted Please indicate Source: China Social Sciences Journal