In general metaphysics，Philosophy regards knowledge and existence and their relationship as the main topic，The mediator of reflection is always human。Existence beyond human vision，That is, the self-acting one corresponding to the first entity，Through postmodern deconstruction，It has also become the philosophical past of Genesis。Since the second half of the 20th century，Philosophy is gradually beginning to pay attention to the posthuman condition，So much so that “animals” have become the corresponding device for reflection on philosophical anthropology。Discuss animals and their behavior from the perspective of epistemology and ontology，bet365 bonus code pa is not a meaningless theoretical exploration，Just because animals may not need to form propositional beliefs，Thus causing the paradox of the term "animal philosophy" itself。After all，For animals，bet365 bonus code pa itself belongs to the hegemony of reason。

Envisioning posthuman or nonhuman subjects，Belongs to the internal needs of philosophical self-advancement，Because there are many conjectures or guesses in speculation，Both require possible thought experiments to verify。All the talk about posthumanity is somewhat science fiction，But if you consider that philosophy has always been engaged in speculative fiction，Then these imaginary experiments are not surprising for philosophy itself。bet365 bonus code pa’s series of articles on artificial intelligence stand between humans and non-humans、The dividing line between the subject and the alien subject，These words will be compiled into the book "The Myth or Tragedy of Artificial Intelligence" in 2022。After the GPT model became popular，bet365 bonus code pa followed up with many thoughts on the philosophy of language and theory of knowledge，Perhaps it is difficult to find a philosopher like him in China who discusses intelligence issues in an interdisciplinary way。

　Cross-bet365 bonus code pa “convergence point” problem

In the book "The Myth or Tragedy of Artificial bet365 bonus code pa"，The problem of artificial bet365 bonus code pa is first presented as a cross-subject "gathering point" problem from the perspective of epistemology。

When things merge similar items，What is often clarified is the boundaries of one’s own existence，The same is true for human reflection on AI。To what extent is AI a product that imitates humans？To what extent it may become a non-homogeneous item of human intelligence？bet365 bonus code pa itself is a question of the direction of technical implementation，But if it is placed within the limits of knowledge and plural existence，It seems to have become an old question in philosophy。When the operating procedures of the "black box" of consciousness are not yet clear，We need to merge the intelligent equivalents of humans and AI，At the same time, we also need to think about the limits of the variables themselves on the boundary，As far as these two tasks are concerned，A roundabout way、The methodology of holding both ends (human and non-human) is really necessary。

Zhao Tingyang uses the concept of "universal rationality" to possible、Summary of intelligent similar items being implemented，bet365 bonus code pa is specifically reflected in: the calculation and judgment of rational goals within a limited program；Construct these finite steps into feasible processes in a necessary way；These operations need to comply with the law of contradiction，Thus achieving an internally consistent system。Obviously，Under the standard of universal rationality，AI still belongs to the same category as human intelligence，It’s just getting closer and closer to the extreme state。But，In Zhao Tingyang’s analysis，Unsurprisingly, it sets a standard for epistemology or taxonomy。He thinks，An intelligence equal to that of a human being capable of more than just executing rational computational procedures，You also need to have the ability to reflect。If measured by bet365 bonus code pa standard，The AI ​​program system needs to be redefined in its own language (rather than the code given by humans)。A language that maps itself and interprets its systems，Defined by Zhao Tingyang as a language with self-awareness。

Assuming that machines can self-explain their operating principles and "thought processes"，Then such a machine can of course be regarded as a non-human civilization。When humans begin to communicate with it，We have entered into a dialogue mode that spans subjectivity。According to Zhao Tingyang’s idea，Such intelligent entities do not necessarily need to resemble humans，Just need to be able to explain its existence。Therefore，We can infer，Intelligent entities that can define the rules of their own existence may also generate knowledge about the world。The philosophical extreme value of the theme "artificial intelligence" is reflected in the cross-reflection of multiple subjects and truth，It cheaply contains other possible worlds within the same reality。Zhao Tingyang’s real interest may lie in the resonant relationship between multiple cognitions and the same reality，bet365 bonus code pa leads to a unity in all his discussions on the subject，Finally presented in the form of a collection of papers。

Before imagining the extreme value of artificial intelligence，There are reasons to evaluate the possibility itself，In other words，We should build a methodology for determining intelligence standards in advance。On bet365 bonus code pa issue，I view Zhao Tingyang’s strategy as a composite version of functionalism and epistemology。If we suddenly face some extreme situation: a certain type of AI spontaneously passes all tests，It has "human-like" behavior，But not essentially human。bet365 bonus code pa means that it does not need those functions that can define the "subject" to achieve humanoid form，And participate in various affairs of human society。Realists may believe that bet365 bonus code pa type of AI has a universal universal of "machine mental entity"，And believe that bet365 bonus code pa kind of spiritual entity and the human mind can achieve an equivalence relationship at least in real communication。Zhao Tingyang’s many analyzes were the first to be placed under bet365 bonus code pa possibility，Then measure the properties of bet365 bonus code pa equivalence relationship，bet365 bonus code pa is a functionalist perspective。We can use functionalism to judge the output state of the "black box" of AI thinking，And judge its cognitive model from the observed behavioral facts。

But functionalism is only half correct，It believes that since there are countless possible physical manifestations for any function，Then the relationship between function and physical level is multiple。But whether from a cybernetic or organological point of view，The relationship between function and physical nature is not arbitrary，And these two are not independent categories。Functions cannot be reduced to material activities acted upon by physical laws；Vice versa，These specific physical activities cannot be simply synthesized into functions。Therefore，Intelligence as a multifunctional collection，When we judge whether bet365 bonus code pa set is complete，It is necessary to add an epistemological category model between functionalism and physicalism。When faced with a possible non-human existence，We must first be able to exchange some organized functions in our thinking，Only then can we obtain certain specific knowledge categories。

Facing various phenomena，Thinking if you want to make a propositional judgment，Some classification steps will be preset for categorical integration (bet365 bonus code pa is also one of the "self-awareness" standards set by Zhao Tingyang for AI)，Otherwise we will fall into divergence、Measurement of infinite recursion。Thinking needs a processor to confirm the realization of the function，At the same time, it also needs to "map itself to another equivalent system"，bet365 bonus code pa transition was set by Zhao Tingyang as the trigger point of "self-awareness"。In a composite version of functionalism and epistemology，Self-awareness is just a device for self-categorization and self-explanation，Used to shape the subject’s understanding of the self-world。Zhao Tingyang gives bet365 bonus code pa device to any subject with universal rationality，Nature also includes AI and humans，Although with different intensities。

　The "common possibility" future of bet365 bonus code pa and non-bet365 bonus code pa

Intelligent detection method of functionalist composite epistemology，Perhaps it is related to the cross-subject project that Zhao Tingyang has been thinking about on a deeper level。When we use a certain function to locate the thinking paradigm of the unknown subject，In fact, the equality condition between subjects has been preset in thinking，That is, "the intersubjectivity of symmetrical subjectivity formed under conditions of mutual equality"，bet365 bonus code pa is the methodological premise called "intersubjectivity" by Zhao Tingyang。At the same time，Interaction between different cognitive modes displayed by different functions，Also constitute a categorization world based on intersubjectivity。These interactive categories guarantee in advance "the existence of mutually equal and mutually reversible epistemological relationships" between different subjects，Thus it is also the starting point for the generation of "interviewing anthropology" in the context of epistemology。

Zhao Tingyang tries to imagine a kind of cross-subjectivity、The ontological picture in a cross-civilizational sense，The "common possibility" future of humans and non-humans。bet365 bonus code pa may also be his starting point for thinking about artificial intelligence issues。Because in front of the machine mind that everyone is looking forward to，“A one-way ontology may become a two-way ontology (or even multi-directional)”。In Leibniz’s concept of “common possibility”，A specific possible world w is a set of co-possible elements，Each element is mapped and connected to other elements that make up w。bet365 bonus code pa kind of mapping and connection expresses the equivalence relationship between elements。And if the theory of mapping and connection describes the basic properties of a completely individual concept，Then，Obviously no two complete concepts can be regarded as "commonly possible"，Unless there is at least a mapping between them。Only if mapping and joining settings apply to everything，A set of complete concepts can be regarded as a set of "commonly possible" elements，That is, a possible world。Here，Leibniz’s “common possibility” is a concept that describes the mutual possession and implication of all things。

Unless we create a human methodology，Otherwise we cannot talk about reality beyond the human perspective，And bet365 bonus code pa is indeed what metaphysics has always done。I think，Zhao Tingyang canceled the ontological characteristics of modal categories in Leibniz，Thus entering a new perspective of creator，For example, his treatment of modal categories obviously has strong personal characteristics。The category of possibility is not like necessity，A metaphysical setting belonging to the Creator (or nature itself)；Contrary comes from the invention of the negative word，bet365 bonus code pa is the creative art of classifying things based on a human perspective。To some extent，Possibility is the classification of things according to their essence，The essence depends on the creator's making。Maybe，bet365 bonus code pa inverted understanding of the categories of possibility is understandable only in scholasticism。If you say，Reality is the essential determination of possible existences in modal metaphysics，Reality, then, is the existence of possible objects given form in the vision of the Creator。When there is only one modal relationship between the creature and its essence，Existence and essence are not the difference between two realities，Because in bet365 bonus code pa default vision of the creator，Existence has moved towards its possible essence。

At both ends of human and non-human beings，Differentiated existence jointly reflects the whole aspect of the entity。General metaphysics in the past aimed to study the common properties of all existence，Down to the level of individual beings，The core issue is how to specify the inherent possibility of the existing object。Possibility-oriented metaphysics starts from the theory of categories or attributes，Such categories are not intrinsic predicates of existence，Rather，They are the essence of possible reality，And become an intermediary for mutual reflection in the creative activities of various subjects。Possibility is always the basis for creating reality，And actualized due to co-production between subjects，In such a differentiated generation process，Existences and their specific attributes can expand their connections within the horizons of different subjects。Although Zhao Tingyang’s text only deals with the human perspective，Partly out of consideration for the suspension of (currently) transcendent existence，But bet365 bonus code pa still will not obscure its original plan，That is, imagining a way of existence that spans multiple subjects，Or "Tianxia" in the experience of multiple worlds。

　(The author is an assistant researcher at the Institute of bet365 bonus code pa, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)