Central Park is the most famous place in New York City，Fifth Avenue on the east side of the park is one of the most prosperous commercial streets today。Where intersects with the fifth avenue at the southern end of the park，There is an inconspicuous city square，A fountain、A sculpture，Such squares are countless in New York。There is a hotel beside the square，called "The Plaza Hotel)，White building，Classical style，A landscape line that compositions from Central Park to the south。I passed from the door of this hotel several times，The first thing to think of is the signing of a major event that affects the world economy here -the signing of the Plaza Accord。About "Square Agreement"，always seeing wisdom。But the Japanese economy in the "Plaza Agreement" signed a few years to bid farewell to the prosperity of the 1970s and 1980s, but it was facts，This is indeed closely related to the appreciation of the yen，and the sharp appreciation of the yen starts from the signing of the Plaza Agreement。

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A large number of iron certificates have been confirmed，Japan signed the "Square Agreement" is not the first -hand persecution of the United States，Instead, it is actively。This is obviously related to history。So，To truly understand the "Plaza Agreement"，You need to relax the history of history。

Due to the shadow of history，For a long time, Japan has been "afraid" in the United States。At that time, Japanese officials signed a scene of the "War surrender" on the "Missouri" warship，It has been deeply buried in the hearts of Japanese politicians and ordinary Bet365 app download citizens。It has been deeply buried in the hearts of Japanese politicians and ordinary citizens，When some members are brewing to impose high tariffs on Japanese imported products，Japan has begun to be nervous，I started active action。Due to the special status and strength of the United States，Any country with a large amount of trade with the United States will not feel easy，But Japan is undoubtedly the most tense one。

So，What role did the United States play in it? "Square Agreement" is indeed carefully designed by the United States。In this incident，The personality of the United States was the Minister of Finance, James Baker at the time。He became the US Minister of Finance in early 1985，At that time, the US foreign trade had huge deficit，In 1984, it exceeded 100 billion US dollars，Nearly half of the deficit comes from Japan。Baker decided to let the yen and the Federal German Mark appreciate the US dollar，So consult with Japan，contacted the UK、France and Federal Germany，It takes all 3 months to prepare everything。Under his host，Five Kingdoms held a meeting of the Five Kingdoms at the New York Plaza Hotel on September 22, 1985，Signed the famous "Plaza Agreement" in history。

The author of "The Twenty Years of Lost" Ikeda Nobunaga believes，Square Agreement is the cause of the Japanese economic bubble，and the latter directly leads to 20 years of loss of Japanese economy。Since the signing of the Plaza Agreement，The exchange rate of the yen never returned to the level before 1985，Overall rising to the dollar all the way，The highest time reaches $ 1 against 79 yen。In a high -end household electrical shop near the fifth avenue，Made in JAPAN (Made in Japan) in the past is gradually smaller，Sony、Panasonic、Toshiba and other brand effects are not as good as before。Bet365 lotto review Although all this is not caused by the "Square Agreement"，But the signing of the agreement does make the Japanese ship lose direction for a while，Because currency is the "anchor" thing for competition between the country。Lost anchor，No matter how big the ship is on the ocean, there is no place to get in，can only drift with the wind，There are risks of tilting ships at any time。

　How can currency be a "anchor" 

The United Kingdom is the first country in the world to adopt a gold -based system，In 1816, passed a special "Gold System Act"。The biggest benefit of this system is the stability of the exchange rate，It is conducive to international trade。The British at that time was the world factory，You need to export the finished product of industry to the world，The more stable the exchange rate, the more conducive it is to export。At the same time，Britain wants to purchase raw materials from the world，The high -gold pound with a high amount of gold is conducive to reducing its import cost。The pound at this time is the incarnation of gold。

With the end of World War II，USD becomes hard currency。This is not only due to the decline in British national strength，At the end of the war, a small town named Bretton Forest, New Hampshire, USA, was also held in the United States.，Established the post -war international currency system，This is the Bretton Forest System。This system highlights the supreme status of the US dollar，The currency of other countries looks like the stars and the moon, looking for their own position around the dollar，The pound is no exception。

Before the meeting was held，The United Kingdom and the United States have thrown a plan for the reconstruction of the post -war international currency system，Refers to the Kanes scheme and the White scheme。The core of the Kanes scheme is all blurring all sovereign bet365 Play online games currency，Bancor, a virtual accounting unit "Bancor" as the international clearing method and reserve assets，Weaken the role of gold。Because Britain at this time，There is not much gold in the treasury，The status of the pound is not as good as before。The White scheme is exactly the opposite，The core position of strengthening gold and the US dollar，Fix the two hooks，Establish 1 ounce gold is equal to $ 35，Link the currency of other countries to the US dollar at the same time，Establish a fixed exchange rate between the dollar。This is the fixed exchange rate system that has been implemented for nearly 30 years after the war。The United States to maintain the special status of gold in order to maintain the US dollar，Promise to exchanged gold to the latter to the latter with gold with gold。Since then，There is only one currency in the world in the world that is closely related to gold -US dollar。

Keynes is the head of the British delegation，It is also a master -level economist，White turned from an unknown economist to the assistant to the US Finance Minister。Put two schemes together，Several rounds of confrontation，The result is that Kanes defeated in White。A little concession that White later did，It also comes from his special tribute to the Thai -level economist。Actually，This scene was destined to be as early as 3 years ago。August 14, 1941，U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill signed the "Atlantic Charter" on the British warship "Prince Wales"，The basic framework of the post -war international order was determined。Although the content of the "Atlantic Charter" is discussed by the leaders of the two countries，But it is led by Roosevelt。Signed on the British warship，It is also a respect of bet365 best casino games Roosevelt compared to Churchill's older Churchill，The content of the content has been discussed by the two parties the day before on the US cruiser "Augusta"。The United States at that time，Military strength of the allies of the allies，and the wealth is thick。Before the Bretton Forest Conference was held，A total of $ 28 billion in gold，An only US country only accounts for $ 22 billion，Naturally, only the United States really has the right to speak。

The Bretton Forest Conference determined by the US dollar as the international center currency system，To a certain extent, it guarantees the prosperity of the US for nearly 30 years and the supreme international status for nearly 30 years。until now，There is only so many liabilities in the world in the world，instead of worrying about it，Because the US dollar government bond is still the reserve assets of many countries。

　　"Acting Battle" will continue 

Due to the circulation of currency surpassing national borders，What kind of monetary system and policy formulated by a country，Not only is it related to the prosperity and decline of the country，It will also cause changes in the economy of other countries。If a country does not care about the interests of other countries，The currency in your hand may become a weapon that suppresses other countries。Many European countries have long suffered from the United States with the U.S. dollar's qi，Finally united to set up euro，Copy the "anchor" in the US dollar with your own "anchor"。Although it can not be fully divided into court with the US dollar，but how much to protect your own interests。Although the British national strength has long been under the river，The status in Europe is far worse than Germany，But still adhere to the pound，Unwilling to join bet365 live casino games the euro group，Later, I simply separated from the European Union，Also because the pound can also bring benefits to this country。

Compared with decades ago，The world has changed greatly，The days when the dollar dominates the world has become history。Previous global trade settlement mainly used the US dollar，Now the US dollar accounts for less than 40 % of the global trade settlement currency。So，"Go to the US dollar" call has continued to rise in recent years。For some countries，"Go to the United States" is a certain degree of de -risk。but but，The United States will not wait for the emergence of truly "going to the United States"。If there are some currencies in the world, sit with the US dollar，The dollar is no longer a "big anchor" in the hands that can be "settled"，It is impossible to seek special interests for the United States。

The diversification of international currency is a general trend，In the 21st century, we must see this scene of multiple currencies to maintain the international currency system。Currency that represents the rise of emerging economies，The chance of flashing on the world stage will become more and more。But，Internationalization of currency in any country，It can only be completed in water，Not urgent。Japan was willing to cooperate with the United States，Actively appreciate the yen，Sometimes the Prime Minister Zeng Kanghong is anxious to promote the internationalization of the yen to show the original intention of Japan's international status。

Currency is the "anchor" for a country's competition，Can consolidate their status，Get advantage in competing with other countries，But its final competitiveness is still from technology、Education、Economy、Defense、Comprehensive national bet365 live casino games strength formed by factors such as culture。If a country has no strength，Only one paper agreement specifies the status of currency，It's not reliable。The Bretton Forest Monetary System was formed in 1944，But the Kanes solution and the White scheme were released in 1943，So far 80 years。Writing this article，To commemorate。

　　(The author is a professor at Southeast University、Vice President of the Chinese Society of China)