Ning Ke，Formerly known as Li Xianzhi，Hunan Liuyang people，Famous Marxist historian。Born in Shanghai on December 5, 1928。1932-1934，He follows his grandfather to the Hakson City of Malaysia, Malaysia,，In the meantime, I entered the Barn Chinese Girls' School。After returning to China in 1935，Three Lane Primary Schools in Nanjing、Shanxi Road Primary School and Gulou Primary School。After the outbreak of the Anti -Japanese War，He completes the academic studies of primary and middle schools in the exit -out leisure。I studied in Chuyi Primary School in Changsha in succession、Changsha Huanghua City Primary School、Changsha Shaping County Fourth Senior Primary School、Guiyang Zhengyi Primary School、Guiyang Shangjietang Primary School、Guiyang Central University Experimental Middle School、Luoyang Private Mingde Middle School、Provincial Luoyang Middle School and Chongqing Private Nankai Middle School。In 1946, he was admitted to the first re -class of the Department of History of Peking University，Formally studying in this department the following year。November 1948，Enter the liberated area from Peiping，Accept the training of the "Urban Cadre Training Course" of the Urban Cadre of the North China Bureau of the Communist Party of China。Due to revolutionary work needs，renamed Ning Ke。After the peaceful liberation of Peiping，Enter the city on February 5, 1949，Working in the East Fourth District Working Committee of Beijing，Ren District Cultural Education Section Chief。1952，Editor -in -chief of the Beijing Municipal Education Bureau and the leader of the middle school group。In 1953, I entered the Teacher Training College，Ren Teaching Researcher。In September 1954, he was ordered to participate in the preparation of the Beijing Normal University and History Department,After a long time at Beijing Normal University (renamed the Capital Normal University in 1992)，His attendant、Associate Professor、Professor、Doctoral supervisor，and also the deputy director of the school library、Director of the Deputy Department of History Department、The First Deputy Secretary of the General Branch、Director of the Agent Department、Deputy Editor -in -Chief of the "Journal of Beijing Normal University" and other party and government leaders。

The main academic part -time jobs of Ning Ke are vice chairman of the Beijing History Society、Director of the Chinese History Society、Vice President and Secretary -General of the Turpan Society in Dunhuang, China，and serving as Peking University、Part -time professors from universities such as Lanzhou University。February 18, 2014，Died in Beijing，86 years old。

It is better to be the famous Marxist historian、Outstanding educator。He studied at the Department of History of Peking University in his early years。November 1948，Enter the liberated area from Peiping，Formally participate in revolutionary work。Joined the Communist Party of China in July 1953。In 1954, he was ordered to participate in the planning and creation of Beijing Normal University (now the predecessor of the Capital Normal University) and History.。Successive History Lecturer、Associate Professor、Professor、Doctoral supervisor，And has served as a leader of party and government leaders at the department level，former director of the Beijing History Association、Vice President，Director of the Chinese History Society，Executive Director of the Chinese Tang History Society，Executive Director, Vice President and Secretary -General of the Turpan Society in Dunhuang, China。

Mr. Ning is talented，I have loved reading since childhood，Wide interest，Bo Wen Qiang Ji，With profound knowledge accumulation。bet365 live casino games During college，He started to contact Marxism。After entering the field of history research，He studied a large number of works of Marxist classic writers。Long -term reading and thinking make him have deep theoretical literacy，Basic principles and methods of Marxism became a problem with his knowledge、The most important scientific theory of analyzing historical phenomena。The use of Marxist theory，Never just stay at the level of the discussion of classic writers，Instead of advocating integration，On the premise of truly understanding Marxist materialism and dialectics，Use Marxism's view of history、Epidemic theory and methodology，In -depth analysis and interpretation of Chinese historical issues，Practice to grasp historical phenomena and essence from the perspective of theoretical perspective，Analyze the cause and effect of historical things from a macro view。This makes his research results often have strong theoretical and speculative。This feature runs through his theory in history、Ancient Chinese Economic History and Cultural History、Dunhuang Xue and the history of the Sui and Tang dynasties have long -term historical research and practice。His research has both abstract speculation and analysis of macro theory issues，There are also in -depth and solid research on the details of micro historical details。Many of his topics and conclusions，Not only was it valued by the academic community at that time，and still have extremely high academic value and theoretical significance。

It is not only consciously guided my research work with Marxist theory，also attaches great importance to the cultivation of Marxist theoretical literacy for graduate students。He asks his graduate students to read the works of several Marxist classic writers such as "Capital"，Also invited people to tell the first graduate student to tell a school year "Capital Theory"。Later formed practice: Graduate students of the history of ancient Chinese history at the History Department of Beijing Normal University，Be sure to select the "Selection of Marxist Classic Works" opened in this Department。until old age，Mr. Ning often teaches his students: "Pay attention to learning theory，There must be a little theoretical cultivation。Of course there are all kinds of theories，The most basic is the basic theory of Marxism，Especially the method of researching problems。"(Ren Shiying、Liu Yufeng "The Multi -Ending in the Field of History -Inno the Interview Record"，"Chinese Culture Research" in the spring of 2012，The following referred to as "Interview Record")

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It is better to graduate from high school，Elementary and primary schools in Dazhong City, Guowong District，No chance to contact the book and magazine that promotes Marxism。1946，He is admitted to the first study of the Department of History of Peking University，Reading from Chongqing to Peiping。At that time，It is the huge turn in Chinese history、The era of the trend of the times。Reaction of the Kuomintang government、The harsh ruler of the agent、Atrocities of the U.S. military in China，Students with a sense of justice are attentive to light、Fight for progress。It is also time to be at that time，From a ignorant boy who does not understand the world，Growing into a young man who starts to select his life path。

According to Mr. Ning later recalled: "I heard to see the Kuomintang's greed and corruption，I also participated in the student movement and read some progressive books，Sensory also rationally formed my worldview、Outlook on Life、Value，Gradually guide me to embark on the road of revolution。"" (I would rather be "Broken Year of the Year"，Beijing Normal University Press 2015 Edition) In that time，Only Marx "Capital" Volume 1，He read Hou Waulu and Wang Sihua、Wang Yannan and Guo Dali、Guo Moruo and other three different translations。other，And Wu Liping translated "Anti -Dulin Theory"、Di Citan "Logic of Dialectics"、Mao Zedong's "New Democraticism" and "The Concise Course bet365 Play online games of the Party History of the Communist Party of China" and so on，Special Reading the chapter of "Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism"。He carefully read Fan Wenlan and other "Simple Chinese Congress"、翦 翦，and made a careful annotation of these two books。He also read other Marxist historian Guo Moruo、Hou Waulu、Lu Zhenyu、The works of Hu Sheng and others。It can be said，It is the study and absorption of Marxist historical views in the past two years，Make Ning can have a strong interest in history，and start seeing some doors and diameters of the history and history of learning。

Under the influence of progressive thoughts，I would rather participate in all the student movements against the Kuomintang rule in Peiping in the past two years。Election of the Student Student Autonomous Association，Diligence Studyment，Fight with reactionary students，Singing、Drama Performance and other activities，He is all active participants。In these student activities，The underground party and its peripheral organizations of the Communist Party of China have played an important leadership role。By November 1948，With the risk of the special service arrest of progressive students，It is better to be under the organization of the organization，and several other progressive students，Occupible identity from Peiping，Stealing Vietnamese Blocking Line，To the Town of the Urban Work Department of the North China Bureau of the Communist Party of China (now in Cangzhou City, Hebei Province)，Enter the "Urban Cadre Training Course"，Formally participating in the revolutionary work in the liberated area。Due to revolutionary work needs，His renamed Ning Ke。

December 1948，The training class where I am going to be in assumed the work prepared for the pickup。After the peaceful liberation of Peiping，February 5, 1949，He entered the city with the army，Work of the Working Committee of the Peiping Third District at the time，Ren District Public Office Chief。Grasp the agent、Exchange Gold Coupon、Register to travel with soldiers、Stone unemployed persons, etc.，Ning Ke has just done it in the early twenties。Later as the Deputy Chief of the District Cultural Education Department，Actively carry out social education，Learning Class，Cultural Museum, etc.，Preaching the party's policy to the masses。1952，Set up from the district to Beijing Education Bureau，Editor of the Teacher Monthly and the leader of the middle school group。In 1953, I entered the Teacher Training College，Ren Teaching Researcher。September 1954 to September 1955，He was ordered to organize the establishment of Beijing Normal University，Directed as a lecturer in history，and Deputy Director of Library。From here，He has been working in colleges and universities，Realized from intellectual revolutionary cadres to university teachers、Character conversion of experts and scholars。

　　Theoretical exploration of Marxist history

Mr. Ning published an academic papers discussing ancient astronomy when he was in high school，But I really started to conduct historic research with the guidance of Marxism，The two ancient Chinese economic history papers in the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty Putian published in 1958。Mr. Ning said: "Why do you want to engage in economic history? This is the basic principle of Marxism to inspire and guide me。Economy、Production is the basis，Many problems are in the final analysis of the economy、Production decision。Fundamental speaking，The economic foundation is the first place。So，I pay more attention to socio -economic problems，Pay attention to the study of economic development history，Want to learn more about other problems by studying economic history，Come and grasp the characteristics of Chinese historical development and its laws。"(" Interview Record ")

，Mr. Ning repeatedly participated in the discussion of many important hot theoretical issues in the historical circles many times，and put forward unique views，Some finally become the consensus of the academic community。For example，The 2050s，He focuses on studying bet365 best casino games the issue of farmers' war，It is to go through the joint node of the farmer's war，Observe how various social contradictions continue to develop excitement，and finally outbreak in the form of farmers' war。This can change the changes in various social contradictions in a society，Especially changes in socio -economic changes。In this regard，He has theoretical problems of theoretical issues such as "farmers' regime", "royalism in farmers' war", and "spontaneous and awareness of farmers' war"，There are also peasant uprising in the early Jiangnan region of the Tang Dynasty、Wang Xianzhi、Huangchao、Still Bangbang、In -depth research on specific historical figures and events of Zhanglu regime and society in the late Han Dynasty。Has he possibly established a "farmers" on the farmers' war、Whether the farmer's war has the nature of "imperialism"、The spontaneous and consciousness of the Farmers' War、The historical role of the Farmers' War，and how to appropriately understand and evaluate the "concession policy" of the landlord class to farmers.，I made my own opinion。His opinion，The theoretical basis，There are historical evidence，High House Jianyu，Objective and allowed to be，A calm persuasion calmed down the controversy of the above issues。Conclusions of some problems，It is still served by the academic circles today。

The 1960s，Mr. Ning participated in the discussion of "historicalism and class views"。This is a theoretical contention that is related to the basic epistemology and methodology of Marxist history。At that time, the historic community at that time was used to conduct historius research in the use of Marxist theory，There is a theoretical understanding，that is, the "class view" as the primary or main method and theory when analyzing historical problems，one -sided and absoluteization of "class view"。Mr. Ning finds basic discussions about "historicalism" from classic writers such as Marne，I found that Marx has never mentioned "historicalism"，Lenin and Mao Zedong's works are only mentioned occasionally，None of the discussion。He reads the classic experience of Marxist classics，Published two long articles，Proposing class views is the core of the historical view of materialism，History is the understanding of the historical process of dialectics; it cannot be split from historicalism and class views、Apocalypse，or see two unrelated things，or find a balance between the two。Can't simply equate the two，Mechanically believes that as long as there is a class view，It will inevitably conform to historicism。The focus of the two concepts of historicalism and class views，Historicalism focuses on problems from the perspective of development，Class perspective focuses on historical issues based on class division and class struggle.。History and class views are the two principles or methods of the unified historical process from different perspectives。After these two articles are published，Great response。At that time, many people did not know who it would be "Ning Ke"，I thought it was a pseudonym used by a very old Marxist historian。After reform and opening up，Different from the existence of the understanding of the theory of historical sciences in the academic community，He proposed to distinguish the "historical science theory" and "historical theory"。This view clearly clarifies the fundamental conceptual conceptual concepts in the construction of historical theoretical disciplines，It has become the consensus of the historian world。

Mr. Ning also published on other important theoretical issues that have guided discussions on future research。For example, the role of the development of geographical environment on human society development，Not only the theoretical issues determined by what factors are determined by the development of human society，Also to the economy of contemporary China、Politics、Military and even cultural development and decision -making is important。It is better bet365 best casino games to dialectically understand the role of geographical environment on the development of human society。He thinks，Geographical Environment，or the natural environment of social development、Natural conditions、Natural foundation，It is one of the common necessary conditions for social material life and social development。Not excluded in local and specific periods，For example, in the early stages of human society，The geographical environment can play a decisive role to a certain extent。But for the overall development of history，It is not a geographical environment that plays a decision，but the production method。"The theory of geographical environment decision" and the role of negative geographical environment on social development，All are one -sided。Thinking about this theoretical problem，Beginning with "geographical environment decision theory" as a bourgeois theory criticized in the 1950s，After thirty years before and after、Five Yi Qi Qi will come out and publish，Show his rigorous thinking and persistent pursuit of an academic problem。

Mr. Ning has also thought about the shape of the characteristics of Chinese cultural characteristics of the geographical environment of Chinese history。He thinks，Geographical environment is one of the usual necessary conditions for human material life and social development，Affects the characteristics of the production relationship formed by people in the production process; then indirectly affects social life through the production method、Other aspects of social relations，Ru Politics、Culture, etc.。Specific to Chinese history，Geographical environment has contributed to China's early development of mainland intensive agriculture，This economic form creates the present nature of Chinese culture、Practical、Experience and the distinctive characteristics of personnel attaches importance to personnel，It also enables the development of ancient Chinese history，Early maturity and continuity with some degree，It has strong independence，But there is no isolation; Chinese culture has diversity，and with commonality。Fundamental speaking，Chinese culture has aggressive、Open、tolerance、Change、The spirit of development。Saying Chinese culture is a "diverse" culture，"Diversity" is reflected in the nation's、Economy、Society、Political differences; "integration" is reflected in the existence of the above differences，There are also many common aspects。

To Mr. Ning's old age，His "cultural heat" in society in the 1980s and 1990s，Also adhere to the calm and objective attitude of Marxist historian。He thinks，"Culture" is a product under certain historical conditions，Not eternal、Absolute or surpassing the existence of time and space。All kinds of "cultural first theory" or "cultural decision theory"，All are non -scientific，Not worth promoting。"Cultural Decision Theory" is the change of history、Conflict、Disglement，Better belongs to culture，Ignoring the foundation of socio -economic，and the interaction of politics and culture。Under the social environment at that time，It is also necessary to have academic courage to put forward such views。

　　Marxist theoryCombination with the specific issues of Chinese history

It is not a "theorist" who only talks about "theory"，He is more to observe specific historical phenomena with Marxist material dialectics。In particular, paying attention to the interconnected and deep relationship between historical facts，Focus on the characteristics of explaining historical development。If you are issued on the feudal socio -economic structure and institutional characteristics of China，He believes that people often say that China's feudal economy is a "agricultural economy" and "natural economy"，This is good，but incomplete。Because Chinese society has a long ago, social division of labor，Mainly division of labor in agriculture and handicraft，These are the two major departments of the feudal economy。The products of these Bet365 lotto review two departments should be exchanged，This exchange will eventually develop to its important form with commodity exchange，This has the third department -business，and more and more important。So，The feudal economy in Chinese history is not an absolutely closed static system，but it has considerable openness and activity，The commodity economy is the factors that promote the openness and activity of the feudal economic system。

As well as the operation of the elements of China's feudal economic structure，I would rather make the theoretical summary of "small cycle" and "big cycle"。Start from the countryside，Most of agricultural products consume，Then make reproduction，This is a "small cycle"。Its remaining products and part of the necessary products follow two routes，One is injected into other regions and departments in the feudal country，This is a non -commodity activity，or basically non -commodity activities; the other is the market，Enter the field of handicraft industry，Then return to the market，and then enter the countryside，Finally complete consumption，This is a "big loop"。"Small cycle" is based on China's climate and crop growth cycle, that is, one year as the operating cycle。The loss of "small cycle" is small，Efficiency is high，But economic benefits are not high，As for the "big cycle" operation cycle, it is difficult to rate for one year，The cycle process is very slow，The loss is not small，Economic benefits are not high，but still there are。

Another example is to explain the so -called "Lee Joseph Data Question"，That is, Chinese feudal society was originally more advanced，Why did it lag behind the West in modern times? What is the resistance?，or holding it at one end，or comprehensive words。I would rather think，The reason why the feudal society was developed from the special national conditions in China，Of course, the interaction of various factors should be considered，But especially the role of internal factors，Especially the role of more decisive economic factors，Long -term sex rather than one -time (such as policy) factors。Discussions of the above problems，All of the factors related to them are comprehensive consideration，Interconnection from various factors、Interactive，Dialectically analyzes the problem。Analysis of the problem，This is from this and the other，from the table and the inside，Deep layer，until the core of the problem。

It is better to study specific historical issues，Never be satisfied with the appearance of historical things，Often has penetrating features，Emphasize the development of the development of Chinese history。Research on the ancient Chinese "Social Yi"，The materials involved to the pre -Qin，Xia Ming and Qing，Not only does it almost exhaust the relevant records in the handed down literature，and make full use of stone carvings materials and Dunhuang information，Show the occurrence of ancient Chinese folk groups、Tracks of development and evolution，Provide an important window for us to observe the activities of the grassroots people in ancient China and civil organizations。

Another example is his investigation of the problems of ancient Chinese population。The period of inspection is also from the Warring States Period to the Ming and Qing dynasties，and summarize the development law of the ancient population as "step -level transition"。The population in the middle of the Warring States Period is about 25 million to 30 million，This is the first step; from Han to Tang，The population does not seem to exceed 67 million，This is the second step; from the late Northern Song Dynasty，The population has increased to about 100 million，This is the third step; starting from the early years of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty，In just 100 years，The population has increased from more than 100 million to 400 million，This is the fourth step。Research results such，Not only does it have important value for understanding the entire ancient history of China，A scientific outlook on bet365 live casino games population development in today's society，There is also a reference meaning。

Discussion on the cycle of the Chinese dynasty，The period involved is also from Qin to Qing to do a dozen dynasties。He concluded that there are three ways to replace the old dynasties in the history of the new dynasty: one is war; the other is to use non -violent means，The so -called "Zen concession"; the third is that the nomadic nomadic people take the opportunity to start south，Conquer half or even all China。About the rise and fall of the two thousand years，I would rather summarize three points of experience.、China is agricultural society，Agriculture is the foundation，Farmers accounted for the vast majority of the national population，How to treat farmers a rulers，The key to the success of the dynasty。2、Authoritarian centralized centralized state bureaucratic bureaucratic institutions and officials at all levels are very important，The past rulers have attached great importance to。When the dynasty rises, it often pays attention to the governance of the official，and the reason why a dynasty declines，The important reason is the corruption of the government。3、The rise and fall of the dynasties of the dynasties，At first glance, it looks like a cycle that is recurred，but not simply returning，Like spiral，Continuous rise in the cycle，Continuous development。After the Song Dynasty，The development momentum is hindered，So after the mid -19th century，European capitalist forces invade，China becomes a semi -colonial semi -feudal society。Questions listed above，All for thousands of years，vertical and horizontal than 10,000 miles，From the specific historical process of long -term period，Reveal the characteristics and laws of its development and change，Non -sending before sending people。Study on almost every specific problem，He has combined the basic theory of Marxism with the specific issues of Chinese history for inspection，and have a convincing conclusion。

I would rather be meticulous with ideas，Exclusive thoughtful，The expression is clear，Conclusion is naturally pleasing to sincerity。Due to deep theoretical literacy and keen academic vision，His academic research is often forward -looking and leading。If he studies the number of agricultural production in the Han Dynasty、Research on the ancient Chinese population，and research on Han Tangshe，All are the first to open the atmosphere，Inspired successors continue to engage in research on related topics。His research results are also valued by the international academic circles，Its academic views are often introduced as representative views abroad。

Ren Ke's academic theory was a representative result at that time at that time，It has now become an important part of contemporary historical heritage。His series of brilliant views，It is still shining with the glory of theory and the spark of wisdom，With the quality of "Zhuo Ran's indelible"。No doubt，He is a Marxist history everyone who uses the basic theory of Marxism to study the ancient history of ancient Chinese history!

　　(Author Unit: College of History of Capital Normal University)