Research on the economic history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in recent decades is enough to explain，The commodity economy has achieved rapid development in the late Ming Dynasty，The market has gradually become an important driver among them。But，Bet365 lotto review the relationship between this economic form and system and the relationship between producers with small farmers，and its role in production efficiency and other key issues，The academic world still lacks sufficient consensus。

Except for empirical evidence is still weak，In terms of methodology，There are also differences in how to analyze the behavior of small producers，One of the focus is the opposition of "economic rationality" across the "small farmers" and economics。But，Dang History、Sociology and even various contemporary studies propose such objections，Economists often think that they have nothing to do with rational assumptions。Why does this difficult difference in dialogue occur? Intraceed the academic history of "small farmers' rationality"，to promote related discussions with a view to promotion，may help understand the traditional economic model。

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"Small Farmers Reason" originated from Chayanov's research on the Russian farmers' economy in the 1920s。On the analysis method，The most important insight in Chaianov is，Farmers are producers、Consumer Union，Economic Organization of Family Labor。This makes the family farm different from the Bet365 lotto review "capitalism" (according to the term of the time) company，The latter was the standard processing of producers in the economic analysis at that time。Since this is the case，Farmers are pursuing the maximization of corporate profits，Instead of conducting labor decisions based on its subjective evaluation。At the same time，Charianov inherited the marginal analysis of the Austrian school，As a result, the optimal condition for labor decision -making，The degree of hard work paid to the income of one unit in the border is equal to the subjective evaluation of the family satisfaction brought by the income brought by the income of the unit。Visible，Charianov's economics contribution is obvious: a model that cannot help but factor in the factor market。The equivalent of the ideal situation due to market configuration and self -sufficient configuration，This model can be used to simplify theoretical analysis of market configuration; as for the contribution of the "rational" level，It is to put labor (in turn) and survival to be put into the producer's utility function。

But，Charianov's contribution is not smooth in the process of acceptance of mainstream economics。Although his works were introduced in Germany at that time、Japan and other countries，But until the 1950s and 1960s，Japanese economists will model them for mathematics，Published in English，Only causing attention in the western economics community。By the 1980s，The mainstream of American agricultural economics has accepted Charianov's theory。For example，Singh et al. "Agricultual Household Models edited by people and others has a special chapter to introduce。This Bet365 app download means that since the research of Chaianov's research，There are decades in the meantime，The farm model of mainstream economics is part ways with Chaianov。Where，Schultz (Schultz) "Reconstruction of Traditional Agriculture" The first edition of the 1960s、The far -reaching works are not affected by Chaianov，At least the method used when the book evaluates the efficiency of farmers' factor configuration still implies the hypothesis of hiring labor and maximum profits。，The traditional tradition of the home economy in the economics community。Reid published "Economics of Household Production" to Becker's extensive research on family decision -making in 1934，Producer、The idea of ​​consumer unity and introduction of labor time is not uncommon in mainstream economics。Perhaps it is because of this，Mainstream economics other than agricultural economics is not familiar with Chaianov，His contribution is rare in general economics textbooks。

No matter what，Charianov took the lead in applying more modern economics methods to analyze farmers' decisions。The opposition between the so -called "small farmer rationality" and "economic rationality"，It is rather to be caused by the former's advancement。Considering the "economic rationality" in the sense of modern economics is nothing more than a general setting of preferences and utility functions，"Little Farming Reason" based on Chaianov theory，Not only does it satisfy "economic rationality"，And the essence of "economic rationality" is closer to the essence of "economic rationality" than the maximization of profit。

　　"Little Farming Reason" spreads and develops in China

Charianov's farmhouse effectiveness is incorporated into survival or living factors，From this proposed an attractive concept such as "self -exploitation"，Therefore, a wider impact of social sciences other than economics。1976，Scott (Scott) combined with Charnov's theory，3448_3482。Subsequent，Two important works through Huang Zongzhi- "The Economy and Social Change of the North China" and "The Development of the Family and Rural Development of the Family and Rural Development of the Yangtze River Delta"，The theory of Chaianov and Scott entered our academic community。3079_3096，The development of the commodity economic development of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the "self -exploitation" of the small farmer under the "population pressure"，The handicraft industry that is reflected in commercialization is always combined with the family sideline with low labor remuneration，but failed to evolve the economic structure。

With the spread of the theory of "Differential"，With the spread of the theory of "Differential"。In the theoretical explanation，Scott carefully mentioned that "self -exploitation" can be explained by the standard microeconomic theory at that time，Huang Zongzhi emphasized the theoretical confrontation of Chaianov and Schultz，and use "small farmers rational" to criticize the maximized capitalist operation assumptions。From this，Maximum profit becomes "economic rationality" opposed to "rational rationality"，Traditional economics methods seem not suitable for analysis of small farmers' behavior。At the same time，Because of the contributions of Chanov did not be valued by the mainstream economics Bet365 lotto review community，Economists in our country have not conducted serious academic analysis of "small farmers' rationality"。

　　"Small Farming Reason" helps to reveal the traditional economic model

If "small farmers rational" is actually the specific manifestation of "economic rationality" on small farmers，So，Is it substantially significant to replace "small farmers rationality" with more ordinary farm economic analysis? first，What needs to be clear is，"Little Farming Reason" Strictly not to launch family labor and self -sufficiency。As mentioned earlier，They are really assumptions in different aspects。In other words，"Small farmers' rationality" itself cannot accurately summarize the substantial attributes of "small agricultural economy"。On the contrary，Standard economic analysis can break down the marginal effects of the labor expressed by Chaianov，It helps to clarify the exact meaning of various assumptions。For example，Easy to be regarded as "self -exploitation" with unique attributes of small farmers' economies，It may not be established to hire labor: when the labor is configured through a competitive market，The alternative effect of salary、The common effect of income effects can also produce a "bending backward" labor supply curve of the same workers。In this case，Even if you observe "self -exploitation"，It is difficult to launch the lack of labor market in the traditional economy，Not to launch small farmers will not respond to the market。

Next，Through more general economic analysis, you will find it，"Small farmer's rationality" and maximization of profits are not absolutely opposite。Discussion on Bet365 lotto review the relationship between food prices and grain production in the 1980s，Scholars with a background of Western economics proposed，Even the proportion of the remaining grain sold in the market is lower than the purchase，Market price is still the marginal price that really affects food production。This has achieved great success in explanation。but but，Subsequent research indicates，If the utility function of the farmers is risk avoidance，instead of risk neutral (degenerate to maximize profits)，The purchase price of not marginal prices may also work on the output。That is，Maximum profit reflects the effect on the average or one -order moment，Risk avoidance effect function introduces the effect on the second -order moment，They are integrated together。Obviously，The risk factors and maximum profits emphasized by "small farmers' rationality" can be superimposed in economic analysis，and get greater explanation。When understanding the traditional economic model，This may be very important: we can see the flexible response of farmers to the changes in relatively price changes，You can also find the clan、Protective intermediate organizations such as clubs not only have not been weakened in the process of commercialization，Instead, it has been strengthened。

Visible，"Small Farming Reason" itself has its academic value，Strict economic analysis makes its value better play，There is no substantial opposition between the two。At the same time，"Little Farming Rough" is a concept formed in a complex theory history，Clarify its meaning，It helps us to distinguish between the specific use Bet365 app download of small agriculture、Technology、System setting brings existing explanation，Therefore, it is more effective to understand the traditional economic model through limited experience observation。

　　(Author Unit: School of Economics, Henan University)