In recent years，Benefiting artificial intelligence、Cloud computing、Big Data and other technologies at high speed development，Digital trade rises worldwide globally，Change the original development model of international trade，Virtualization、Digitalization、Intelligent、Convenient to become a new trend of the current international trade development。

Under the background of the global economy's continuous downturn，Digital trade promotes global value chain change，Reduce the threshold for trade access，Promote the transformation and upgrade of traditional trade、Upgrade for business models，Gradually develop into a new engine for global economic growth。But，The existing digital trading rules are incomplete and lagging behind practice，It is far from being able to adapt to the requirements of the rapid development of digital trade，To a certain extent, restrict the development of the global digital economy，Affecting the sustainable and healthy development of the global economy。

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The basis for the rise of digital trade is the digital economy，It is a new type of trade model formed by digital and globalization to a certain period of time。Although digital trade has developed rapidly，But the current international community's specific definition of digital trade has not reached a consensus。

2013，The US International Trade Commission took the lead in proposing the concept of digital trade，that is, digital trade is transmitted by the Internet、​​Business activities or international trade that delivered products and services，But most of the physical trade is not included in it。2014，The US International Trade Commission divides digital trade into four categories in the "Digital Trade II in the United States and Global Economics"，Search engine、Social Media、Digital delivery bet365 best casino games content and other digital products or services。2018，The Office of the US Trade Representative defines it as a trade with electronic means，and classify e -commerce to digital trade，Therefore, the digital trade can be simply divided into two categories: traditional e -commerce and cross -border relying on electronic methods。The emergence of digital trade has put forward new challenges for global trade investment rules，Involved in bilateral and multilateral trade, it involves more and more extensive。

Under the current regulations of the WTO，No special rules are introduced to digital trade。The initial stage of the development of digital trade is equivalent to e -commerce，Related rules formulate the agreement text and attachments that are mostly concentrated in the WTO framework。For example, the "General Agreement of Service Trade" (GATS)、"Trips)、"Information Technology Agreement" (ITA), etc.。2017 WTO member states jointly released the "Statement of E -commerce"，Emphasizing the importance of e -commerce and the development opportunity it covers，At the same time, ensure the free flow of numbers and localization of all data。But currently transmit tariffs on e -commerce、The qualitative and service model of e -commerce and the problem of new e -commerce classification have not been solved。

WTO's framework protocol obviously cannot meet the rules requirements brought about by the rapid development of global digital trade，The developed economy and then dominated the "Cross bet365 best casino games -Pacific Partnership Agreement" (TPP)、"Cross -Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Agreement" (TTIP)、"Service Trade Agreement" (TISA) three super large free trade agreements digital trade rules。TPP digital trade rules mainly specify e -commerce，The core is to pursue free and open digital products and service trade，It is conducive to maintaining the United States in content services、The advantages of search engines and social networking sites。2018，11 member states outside the United States signed the "Comprehensive and Progressive Inter -Pacific Partnership Agreement" (CPTPP) and took effect。In the same year "The United States -Mexico -Canada Agreement" (USMCA) signed，Further improvement of the rules，and change the e -commerce chapter to a digital trade chapter。November 2019，The "US -Japan Digital Trade Agreement" further pushed up the level of digital trade rules。TTIP started in 2013，It has an important impact on the European and American economy and even the global trade pattern，At present, the two parties have reached a consensus on some terms of digital trade，Focus on electronic certification services、Consumer privacy protection, etc.，It does not involve digital localization and cross -border data flow。For TISA，Digital trade rules are important issues under their framework，From the beginning of 2012, the early consultation has been conducted in multiple rounds of negotiations and negotiations，The main purpose is to create cross -border data、Control rules in emerging fields such as e -commerce，Therefore, the development of digital trade and cross -border trade，Cross -border data flow、Personal information protection、Data Storage Localization、Proposal of Internet platform responsibility is the focus issue，The results of its digital trade are mainly concentrated in the field of e -commerce，This is basically the same as TPP。

Always，The formulation of digital trade rules is dominated by Europe and the United States，Developing countries are in a passive position，The signing of the "Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement" (RCEP) helps to break this situation。Including China、Japan、RCEP of 15 members, including South Korea, is proposed by 10 ASEAN countries，Covering 29.7%of the global population，Economic scale accounts for 29.3%of the global economic aggregate in 2019，is the world's largest trade agreement。RCEP helps to promote the solution of data confirmation authentication，Enhance developing countries in digital economy、Cross -border data flow rules; at the same time, it is conducive to promoting bet365 Play online games regional economic integration upgrading and the formulation of global rules of digital trade;，The development of the entire industrial chain of digital trade is important。

　European and American templates of digital trade rules

Current，Major economies in the world are passing the regional trade agreement、WTO multilateral framework actively promotes the formulation and improvement of the new system of digital trade rules，and developed economies such as Europe and the United States，With its leading advantage in the development of the digital economy，Established a rule system with global binding force，Master the leadership and discourse right of digital trade rules。The United States via its dominant TPP、USMCA and other trade agreements established a digital trade rules system，"American Template" has been formed; and Europe has established a corresponding "European Template" through TTIP and other agreements。

The development of digital trade in the United States started early，Comprehensive infrastructure，Digital technology, etc. Compared with other countries, they are in a leading position。At the same time，The United States is also the first country to separate digital trade from the digital economy，The first concept of digital trade is proposed，It is the leader of global digital trade development、​​Important makers and designers of the corresponding rules。The United States has the following characteristics in the formulation of digital trade rules。First, the rules of the American digital trade will and advantages are basically molded。Under the framework of existing WTO，The United States actively promotes bilateral negotiations and the formulation of digital trade rules，Consolidate its own digital trade advantages。In 2017, the United States further pointed out in the report of the "Basic Elements to Promote Digital Trade" report，Digital trade content includes advocating data transmission permanent tariff exemption、Promote the free flow of cross -border data、Respect network opening, etc.。The second is to consolidate the bet365 live casino games theoretical research and define the connotation and scope of digital trade。The United States is not only the first to divide the basic meaning and content of digital trade，More digital trade rules research provides theoretical support，Always walking at the forefront of the world。2013，The US International Trade Commission takes the lead in defining the definition and scope of digital trade in "Digital Trade Ⅰ in the United States and Global Economics Ⅰ"，and lay the foundation for how to calculate。2014，In the "Digital Trade II in the United States and Global Economics", domestic trade is included in it，Broaden digital trade scope。"Key Barrier of Digital Trade" in 2017 further further sales and online services in the Internet、Data flows in the global value chain are included in the category of digital trade，The concept of digital trade is wider。Third is to promote the formulation of digital trade rules and dominate trade negotiations。Early advantage with the development of digital trade，The United States has a strong right to speak in the formulation of existing digital trade rules，Leading trade negotiations so that the formulation of digital trade rules is in line with the vital interests of the United States。By multilateral talks under the WTO framework、bilateral trade negotiations、Multilateral and regional negotiations to build a new digital trade agreement or rule system，Among them, TPP is a concentrated manifestation of the preferred interests of the United States。

EU has the largest digital trading market and digital trade scale in Europe，It mainly promotes the development of digital trade by formulating related digital economic development strategies，So as to drive the rapid development of the EU economy。EU's digital trade rules have the following characteristics。First, pay attention to creating Bet365 app download a European digital single market。2010，EU's goal of creating a digital single market in the European Digital AD。2015，The EU further proposed to break the digital market barriers in "European Digital Single Market Strategy"，Build a European digital single market。Second, pay attention to the protection of personal information and privacy of citizens。In the EU "Data Protection instruction" (1995)，It is clearly required that personal data is prohibited to transport other countries or regions that fail to meet the EU standards，At the same time, related data requires the establishment of a data protection agency for third countries，It can only be used after registration，Under specific conditions，The use of privacy data needs to be approved by the European Commission。In 2017, the European Union passed the "Digital Trade Strategy" report，It is clearly expressed to oppose digital trade protection，Forbidden for compulsory data localization，Emphasize the protection of personal information and citizen privacy。Third, lack of independent and complete digital trade rules system。Although the development of digital trade is the consensus of various countries，But the EU itself is composed of multiple countries，The demands and interests of various countries are not the same，Therefore, there are still differences in the formulation of digital trade rules。In the free trade agreement signed by the European Union，The rules related to digital trade are mostly scattered in different chapters，Lack of complete and systematic summary，It is difficult to adapt to the demand for digital trade that has been evolved and developed。

In digital trade rules，The US Europe has the right to speak，The purpose of developing digital trade tends to be consistent，But there are great differences in the basic concepts of data cross -border flow and personal privacy protection。The United States actively promotes the free flow of cross -border data，Policies and policies for "ensuring data free circulation" in succession，Positioning of information and data freedom，and clearly oppose the localization of digital storage。Relatively speaking，The EU is more cautious about the free flow of cross -border data，Pay more attention to the maintenance of personal privacy and national security。The core proposition of the EU is the premise Bet365 lotto review of the free flow of cross -border data to ensure that the data can be effectively regulated，At the same time, cross -border data is required to be stored in the country，Only other non -EU countries or regions have a certain condition for supervision or protection of data，Only transmit it to it。

　(Author Unit: School of International Economics and Trade, Shanghai University of Foreign Economics and Trade)