Chinese characters in China jointly built the bright and beautiful Chinese text flower garden。Manchu characters are mature in their words、The method of the method is complete and highlights its aesthetic purpose，It is an integral part of Chinese culture，Promoting the history of Chinese text、History of engraving、Rich and development of the history of calligraphy，Can be called the "lonely chapter" in the history of ethnic minorities。But，Today's Manwen Zi Zi has already separated from the original social situation，Coupled with its appearance "佶 聱 聱"，It is difficult to identify，There is no "place for use"，Makes the book "unpopular"，Research on it also entered "Study"。Actually，Under the appearance of Manwen's characters, a thick cultural "book" is hidden: its unique body shape is written in the integrated and integrated exchanges of the Manchu national culture; The political function is to be given and strengthened in the accumulation and continuation of the two generations of the Ming and Qing dynasties。

　　bet365 best casino games

Manwen 篆 characters are created by reference to Hanye on the basis of the shape of this word。Manchu is Pinyin text，Write from left to right，From word line、"Teeth" and Circle Point Composition，Word Line，Left "tooth" right circle point，Circle points are out of the word line，Because the structure of the full text is often more than the additional circle structure，Therefore, the left side of the word line is dense，The texture of the sparse on the right。Manchu refer to the Hanquan "The Songer is straight，Evil (oblique) those who are positive，The round is square，Differential laws of uniformity "，Dental structure is transformed into a horizontal rectangular space open and open right edge open and right edge，The same height of the width is equal，Additional point of mealing into vertical drawing style Parallel in the text main trunk，additional circle meal into square，Connect with the main trunk with the short horizontal line，Word lines occur on the left and right displacement to balance the stroke space of the left and right sides，Overall, horizontal vertical and vertical、bet365 Play online games outer edge regular、The white body appearance of the white and uniform body in the painting room。Not only that，Manchu Zi Zi also created thirty -two different styles of different styles with reference to Hanye，Fixed the style of each body word，There are open types of openings (open strokes open，extension down)、Convergence type (Word end drawing is flat，or curled recycling，or an extension internal collection)、Dual -phenotyan tail (in the same seal body，also three types of convergence and open types)。Manchu characters are created by Hanquan as a blueprint，But because of the special text composition of Manchu，There is only a unique structure in Manchu; the shape of the glyphs is longer; there is a corresponding relationship between the style of the tab and the various carcass，It has formed a unique style that is different from Hanye。

Manchu Zi Zi was first created in the post -Golden Emperor Taiji rule，cast on the seal of the seal，"The treasure of the emperor of the jade in the spectrum，Ben Qing Zi Qi Wen，Passing from Emperor Taizongwen "。until the end of the Qing Dynasty，Xi Yin is still engaged in Manfang。Not like the long distance of the Han yo stream，"孑 孑" is changed in the dynasty，The use of Manwen 篆 characters began at the beginning of the first gold，Finally the Qing Dynasty overwhelmed，Can be described as the "limited" book body of this ethnic minority rule of the ethnic minority rule。This unique book body，Relying on real seal prints、Literature file，As an excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, it has been circulating to this day，Make us we can spy on the cultural connotation and historical value carried by the characters carried by the characters in the past 400 years。

　　Manwen 篆 Font reflects the integration of the Manchu culture

The development and development process of Manwen's characters is the true portrayal of the increasing integration of Manchu culture in the Qing Dynasty。Under the joint promotion of the subjective and objective factors，Manchu initially used a copy of the form of copying the Han seal to create a carcass。Hou Jin as a local regime created by the Manchu nationality，At the beginning of the establishment, it still dominated by fishing and hunting culture.，With the interaction with the Central Plains Ming Dynasty, the Du Du，The profound and profound Han culture is getting fascinating，The meaning Bet365 lotto review of learning from learning from。At that time the post -Golden Regime Pioneer、Hundreds of waste waiting for，Objectively need to "use" the mature chapter system of the former dynasty to be used，Manchu Moved in Han Dynasty for seizure。but，Different types of Chinese text，Different text structures，Differential differences，Directly copy Hanye，As a result of Manchu, the words of the Manchu script are ill and ill。Guanfu is cast in the "Three Treasures and Three Seals" of the post -golden period (the treasure of the emperor，han I Boo Bai (Figure 1); Bao of Fengtian，Abka de Jafara Boo Bai;，Abka I jui Boo Bai (Figure 2);，Boigon I Jurgan I Doron;，Ginggun Ijishvn Wang I Doron; General Fengtian General Seal，Hese be aliha amba cookhai doron)，Manchu seal not only exists in Manchu text, the appearance characteristics are left、Increasing phenomenon of megathalization after mealing and corresponding elogy styles，There is also a mixing method caused by similar elogies，and split the word line due to excessive pursuit of the outer edge of the characters，Cause problems such as 舛 舛 舛。

To avoid these disadvantages，The Governor of the Chiang Dynasty then changed to move the appearance of the Han Dynasty，Instead of returning to Manchu text attributes and structural features，Absorbing the abstract level of Hanya、The guidance of the method of guidance，and combine the mechanisms of the two deep -seated mechanisms，So as a correction of many disadvantages during the period of the Manchu word of grass，Open -open type、Convergence、Dual -type three types of words，and on the basis of the complete glyph，The style of the Hanya thirty -two body strokes (including the thickness of the stroke、turning、virtual reality, etc.) and feature identification symbols are combined，Finally merged into a bright style in the thirteenth year of Qianlong (1748)、Each appearance、Thirty -two bodies standard full of decorative meaning。

What is worth playing is，The integration of Manchu culture has not stopped in the completeness and style of Manwen's character appearance and style，but deeply blended、Gradually advance，The wind of the Han Dynasty is getting stronger。Manwen 篆 characters during the printing process，Aesthetic implications of absorbing the seal of Hanquan，and break through the differences of text，Create a Manchu style of the Seal of Han bet365 best casino games and Seal: In order to regulate the outer edge of the glyph、Avoiding stroke conflict、uniformly printed surface space，Manchu Yinwen develops the deformation of、Rolling and occupying positions; in order to pursue the "beauty of neutrality" respected by Han culture，Flexible regulation of the thickness and turning of the strokes of the strokes，Create a harmonious print on the "homogeneous" of Man Han's seal，As the "Treasure of the Emperor Taishang Emperor" of the 60th year of Qianlong (Figure 3)，"Treasure of Queen" during the Tongzhi period (Figure 4)，"The Seal of Zhen Fei" during the Guangxu period of jade, the jade seal of the jade seal, the Manchu Manchu stroke style of the stroke style、complement each other，It is the Manchu culture smelting in one furnace、an excellent manifestation of integration。

This can be seen，Manwen 篆 characters from scratch，From grass creation to perfect，I have experienced the external form of copying Han culture、Organic combination of Manchu culture、Manchu culture integrates a new process，Manwen's characters have never been nourished by the creation and development of the Qing Dynasty.，Manchu cultural intertwined embedding、Water and milk blend，outlines the cultural integration of the two nations in depth。

　　Manchu Words 赓 Continue Ming and Qing System

Manchu Zi Zi Zi Ting the Han Yong to improve its own appearance，The functional function also draws on the Ming Dynasty customization。The creation of Manwen 篆 characters originated from the needs of the post -gold seal，Enter the official seal although the Manchu has a status higher than other books，but it did not have the identity of the body at first、Do not wait for the political function of prestige，This can be seen in the same seal style in the post -gold ruler Xibao ("Three Treasures") and Bai Guan India ("Three Indins")。

At the beginning of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty，Cheng Ming system is seal with three types of carcass，Different identities of each carcass correspondence: Royal Seal Bao，Jade 箸; Baiguan seal，篆; General Seal，Willow leaf，The identity level of the body symbol under the concept of ritual system has begun to start。But，Manchu has not yet created complete，Enter the seal with this word，The political tasks of the prestige of the discern are done by the harmonious Hanquan in the same seal。

With Manchu 32 Creation Creation，The Manchu has Bet365 lotto review a detailed carcass in the ethnic text，The Chingistan used the concept of practicing the prestige of the carcass with Manchu，Reform the Seal Seal，Manchu Return to Print Noodles，Still use three types of carcass inherited from the Ming Dynasty，But strictly limited the scope of the application of carcass，Ruyuyu can only be applied to the Royal Seal Bao and Emperor Queen Bao，Not as a royal family，Also above the official seal (Wenyuan Pavilion)。other，In the Qing Dynasty expanded the original three types of seal to ten types，"The sequence of the print is based on the rank，Literary and Two Pin Fang Fang Dayao，Inner three products，External Administrative Environment，According to the Division of the Charity,，Titan Governor Learning，Salt Transport envoy，Qinghan Wenxiao，Inner four or five products, three or four products, Zhong Dingyao，Inner six grades and five grades below the dew，Martial arts one or two of the willow leaves，Three Four Films，Hanging needles below the four -five grade "。Dedicated for religious seal，Each level is basically two grades as one interval，Circular body is used to divide the level while distinguishing the official positions of cultural and military attributes。Around Qianlong 33 years，Qing simplifies the big ya above，Circular strokes are no longer flexed and stacked，and simplified Shangfang Daquan into the governor Guanzhi，The remaining first -two grades still use the standard body，Create two types of dual -track printing of the central and local printing systems with two types of method of the same larvae。

Qing through the standard of regulating the application of the carcass、Refine the classification of the carcass level、Differences and simplifying the law of the central and local seals to continuously accumulate political functions on the Manchu word，Consciously strengthen the function of Mingye etiquette。

　Manchu "Shengjing Fu"

After the creation of Manwen 篆 is created, it is written with thirty -two larvae and Han Yizhen to write Qianlong Royal Poems "Shengjing Fu"，Promotion and promotion of ruling groups such as Royal and Dazhong Xiangui。Actually，This type of books appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty，Monk Dream Ying wrote Huilin poetry with eighteen types of larvae，One -in -one words，Integrated "Eighteen Sports Book Stele"，Shortly after.，The monk Taoism of the Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou bet365 best casino games During the Jingde period is based on the eighteen body scriptbooks，Increase the seal to thirty -two bodies，Corresponding to the "Diamond Sutra" thirty -two points，Divided into one，The book is "Ji Yan 32 Vajrayana Prajna Sutra"。These two members are launched by monks，The scope of the communication is from the emperor to the people，It aims to promote the essence of Chinese characters，The exquisiteness of calligraphy art，The latter also copied the Buddhist scriptures with each，The number of thirty -two body bodies in the "Diamond Sutra" 32 points，Obvious intention to preach Buddhist classics。迨 to the Ming Dynasty，Thirty -two Body "Diamond Sutra" is engraved with overlap，and the initiator of the integrity is diverse，Jiajing 42 years (1563) engraved by the Si Li Supervisor of the State (1563)，There is also the orthodox two years (1437) engraved by the Ming eunuch，and the 39th year of Wanli (1611) carved by officials of the Ming officials Wang Ke received the Datong moment，4831_4843，But all are personal hosts，Non -national behavior，The purpose of publishing is no different from Song Shi。After the development of Song and Ming，Dao Ken Thirty -two Circular Body gradually established the mainstream status of the collection，It is widely circulated，During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty，It also takes this as a reference to Chuang Manchu thirty -two larvae。The difference is，The Qing Dynasty chose to use the "Shengjing Fu" by the Emperor Qianlong instead of the traditional "King Kong Sutra" as the carrier of the promotion of the new creation。

"Sheng Jing Fu" was made by Emperor Qing，Female words of praising Shengjing's scenery and production meaning The Manchu rule "suffers from heaven"，By emphasizing "with the heart of the ancestor as the heart"，Promote the Qing Dynasty inheriting China，Is a great politician Emperor Fu。Write "Shengjing Fu" with Manchu "，It's not just to spread calligraphy and text art，More is to create the orthodox rule of the Qing Dynasty、Legal political atmosphere，It is the height of the content and the media、Double manifestations of the orthodoxy of the imperial power。At the same time，Manwen 篆 characters have also been lifted to the national cultural category of the Qing Dynasty through this carrier of the emperor，and given the corresponding cultural characteristics，Write Bet365 app download "Shengjing Fu" with the regulation of "Together"，Each larvae writing full funds of more than 3390 words，The number of words far exceeds the "Division of the King Kong Sutra"，The thickness and nobleness of Manchu characters with the large text of the text; unlike the Chinese and seductive Chinese and sects spread in the country temples，Thirty -two carcass "Shengjing Fu" is only spread on the court，Manchu becomes an indispensable book body，Shape the solemn and majesty of the Manchu word。

In short，Manwen 篆 characters are not pure single Manchu "bloodlines"，Instead of integrating the traditional culture of the Han nation、inherited the product of the Ming Dynasty Code System，Chinese nationalities also create Chinese culture in the process of sharing Chinese culture。

　(This article is the unpopular "learning" of the National Social Science Foundation and the Study Special Research of the Subshen Studies (19VJX019) in the Statement of the Study of the Studies of the State Big History)

(The author is a researcher at the Manchurian Research Institute of Heilongjiang University; PhD in the Manchu Research Institute of Heilongjiang University)