Geographical Information System (GIS) Technology as a geographical information development tool and scientific thinking，Once it is generated, it presents great social effects and scientific value，From the original geographical information system (Geographical Information System) to geographic information science (Geographical Information Science)，Geographical Information Service，Function is continuously improved，The range of use is getting wider and wider，In scientific research and data management、Social services and other aspects play a huge role。It is both a spatial information manager，Also the analysis of space data、The scientific system of research。GIS is widely used in nature、All aspects of humanities and society，It is also deeply valued in the field of history research，An important tool for becoming a historical research for spatial analysis and scientific research，formed a characteristics of its own discipline、Historical Geographic Information System (HGIS) with the characteristics of space -time characteristics。Since the 21st century，GIS constantly affects the method of history of history，A series of innovations driving historical research。

　bet365 live casino games

GIS is based on computer technology，Taking spatial data with geographical connotation as a processing object，Use system engineering and information science theory、Method，Collection、Storage、Management、Show、Treatment、Analysis and output geographical information and integrated computer information systems of its products (such as digital maps)。GIS is an emerging field that emerged with the development of computer technology in the information age，It has five basic features。

First，GIS has a spatial geographical database (Geodatabase) function。This function can be used to manage geographical space data，The earliest GIS was used to manage cadastral data and related urban and rural planning。If the first GIS is produced by the Austrian surveying and mapping department in 1956，Establish the Austrian national database with electronic computers。For the first time, the concept of GIS is the Canadian surveyer Tomlinson，Bet365 app download He first used this term in 1963，In 1971，Used to manage and plan local natural resources。1967，New York Land Use and Natural Resources Information System also announced the establishment。

2，GIS can be used for map production，With space data visualization function。GIS is the production and presentation system of digital maps，At the same time, use space statistical data such as population data、Economic composition、GDP to realize the visualization function of geographical space information。

third，GIS can integrate multiple data。As a database system，GIS is a digital system for managing space geographical data，The map data、Remote sensing image data、Statistics data is the main source of GIS attribute data。Data measured data measured by various fields in the field，such as GPS point data、Cadastral measurement data, etc., can also be imported into GIS simultaneously。Some text data data、Text description information in the special information system，Descriptive information of the attribute characteristics of the determined land，can also be blends into GIS。So，GIS is a digital system that integrates multiple data。

fourth，GIS has space model analysis (program implementation) function，A variety of geographical space analysis models will be fused in the system，To help scientific researchers conduct a comprehensive and research on a large amount of geographical data，Use model software to achieve data analysis and results output。Annuctional density analysis of space data、Cushion Zone Analysis、Space Network Analysis, etc.，This is the main means of scientific research，It is also a support tool for GIS to go to geographic information science。

Fifth，GIS is the basis for building a geographical information platform。Geographical Information Platform can store and manage geographical space data，and presenting geographical information work interface，It is the internal foundation and external presentation of GIS。

　GIS in the field of history researchPlay an important role

GIS as a spatial geographical analysis system，Research on the problem of space -based relationships has unique advantages。Following space and geographical environment become natural geography、A common starting point in the areas of humanities and social sciences。As early as the 1970s，Western humanities and social science research has appeared in the trend of "space steering"。Henri Lefebvre (Henri Lefebvre) bet365 live casino games put forward the view of "space production" from the perspective of social change，It is pointed out that space is a product of various complex social relations changes。Although in various discipline studies，The connotation and definition of space are different，But related concepts and analysis are introduced to varying degrees。After the 1980s，With GIS and other geographical space technologies continuously mature，Popularizing and promoting the research field of humanities and social sciences will become the "revolution" of scholars consciously，This also provides more convenient paths and discipline comprehensive tools for the study of humanities and social sciences。

History is science of time，All aspects of nature and humanities，The evolution of historical events does not require the support of geographical stage。So，Space Analysis in History，Especially in historical geography research, possess an important position，GIS technology undoubtedly helps the spatial analysis of history。The earliest intervention in this field was Anne Kelly Knowles and Ian N.Greogory，They have carried out related research in the 1990s，Try to a series of GIS auxiliary historical research，It is pointed out that GIS is not only a research tool for integrating historical materials，It is also a visual release media，It is more helpful to incorporate complex spatial skills into historical analysis。Later，他们将相关研究编辑出版成论著即《往日往地：GIS在历史学中应用》（Past Place: GIS for History）和《历史学中的地方：GIS在历史研究中的应用指南》（ A Place in History: A Guide to USing GIS in Historical Research)。Both of the two discussions are not applied to the esoteric GIS theory，On the contrary，They provide many reference cases，With rich illustrations，Guide readers to understand how to use GIS for drawing and space analysis，It includes many scope of historical research，Research Guide for History GIS。Of course，Two works also allow scholars to see，GIS's research scope of expanding history、Hollowing the complex historical problems that are difficult to get rid of the unique advantages。

Use GIS to conduct historical research，Establishing a spatial database is the first step，This spatial database is a precise point formed、Line、Noodles，bet365 best casino games Show a historical map、Basic resources of visual analysis，Support of massive data。Lack of support from the data system，History GIS is the water of no passive、No wood，Building a large historical space database becomes the basis of scientific research。Starting from the 1990s，Some large -scale scientific research institutions in the international academic community start to integrate resources，Taking the country as a space unit，Development of the national historical geographic information system，UK、United States、Canada、Russia、Germany has established its own historical geographical information system，Most of them started from the 19th century，Continue until contemporary。2001，China Fudan University and Harvard University jointly launched the Chinese History and Geographic Information System (CHGIS) project，and form a Chinese historical geographical information platform in 2017。These large databases provide basic data support for historical GIS analysis。Construction of these large projects，Also produced a series of high -quality research results，Leading the research development direction of historical GIS。

Rich historical literature in China，Regional research and historical geographical analysis time span longer，Space process research is also unique，These all help the application of GIS technology，Unique advantage。Use GIS technology to perform spatial analysis and visual presentation，In recent years，The direction of research involves many areas of history，It often extends longer in the research period，The results in natural geography and environmental changes are more prominent。

　GIS technology changes historios research methods

The use of GIS technology for historical research not only changes the method and path of historic research，It also has a great impact on historical research in the way of thinking。

First，GIS has the function of fusion multi -data，It prompts historical research to a more refined diversified evidence era。Since the appearance of GIS technology，Historians are exploring how to build a spatial historical database，Plan for large -scale integration of historical research，It includes accepting various huge amounts of data，and form the spatial attribute features of processing GIS。From the perspective of the historical GIS database currently constructed，Integrate bet365 live casino games old maps、Remote sensing image、Archaeological sites of capital positioning、Figure photo、Text files and place names become mainstream。These multiple data also become a must -have tool for history GIS research，Make historical research from a single evidence、Double evidence towards multiple evidence，This is the most obvious in the study of changes in natural environment。Chinese civilization has a long history，Ground development and environmental use changed the natural landscape，The changes in the water system of the river and the lake are fierce。The study of changes in the river and lake system in the historical period has always been based on literature，In recent years，Use remote sensing images、Digitalization of a large ratio map，Extract the form of the river and lake system in the historical period and the flow road data，Study on the form of changes in the form of river and lake system。This is downstream of the Yellow River、The study of the changes of the Haihe Water system is advancing，It also made the study of the river and lake system from the historical period、The recovery of the flowing road towards river change geomorphology research stage。In this research direction，The support of GIS technology is indispensable。

2，Study on batch data processing and macro issues changed the phenomenon of fragmentation of historiography，for a long time、Grand trends Grasp the historical development context provided new research space。There are certain measurement geographical traditions in historical geography research，and GIS is more systematic and spatial analysis potential than previous measurement methods。Apply a lot of data in the historical period of GIS processing and visualization，The sign of becoming contemporary historical geography。In research，GIS analysis software played a key role。Any historical data may be missing or left，So，Create continuous、History data in long periods is very difficult，This pair of history of history、Trend analysis forms serious obstacles。Kriging interpolation method in GIS software provides a lot of help for this。Grie Gaoli and ELL are using spatial statistical analysis technology for Irish population statistical time，Use this technology。They were under the research of 1841-1861 During the Great Famine Research bet365 live casino games in Ireland's population change，Application space interpolation method，Completion of all the data of a set of administrative units，Through a large number of interactive maps，Discuss population changes and housing、illiterate rate、The relationship between urban regional development，It is pointed out that space analysis can not only find the connection between multiple variables，and can identify the differences of these relationships from certain specifications。Establishment of continuous data，Make the trend analysis realize。

third，Digital digitization of ancient maps and map resources。Digital map generation，Make paper maps unable to connect。The map configuration function in the GIS software provides a possibility for the conversion of the paper map to the digital map，Digitalization of the old map，On the one hand, you can carry out long -term environment tracking，On the other hand, you can also analyze map surveying and mapping technology，Forms a new understanding in the two directions of environmental changes and history of map learning。In recent years，Digitalization and data extraction of the academic circles for the map of a certain measured foundation since the Qing Dynasty，great results。Performing the "All Map of Kunyu Wan Guo" painted by Matteo Matteeshin，Compare the surveying and mapping map with Europe at the same time，Forming a new understanding; more accurate positioning of the surveying and mapping technology of Kangxi's "Emperor's Full Review"，The projection system of judging the picture is Sangson projection; 1: 5,000 in the provinces in modern China、1:00,000 large ratio map maps for space distribution，Examine the accuracy of this type of map，Geographical coordinate system determination，These undoubtedly contributed greatly in the history of map surveys。Another，Extracted map data becomes the basis for the research of environmental changes and landscape morphology research。

fourth，Digital thinking and research path changes。GIS introduces history research，Change the previous historical research path，History space database，Data from the formation system，is the first step for the spatial analysis。Digital thinking and transforming historical documents into capital available historical data，Is a prerequisite for work，This working mode is the biggest difference bet365 live casino games from previous historical research。Standard year replace the accurate historical age，Generation of the concepts of place names and other concepts，All are accompanied by digital changes，This is very different from the research method of traditional history，Change the traditional thinking method of history，To a certain extent, challenge the traditional historical research method，It is also questioned。

In fact，As a new methodology generation，New historical research methods under the support of GIS technology，Not only will it not eliminate the original working method of history，Often also provides a wider space for historical research。Many times，GIS technology creates a new correlation with elements that cannot be matched in space，to generate a new questioning method，Discover new ideas、Solve new problems。So，Whether from the research method or questioning method，GIS introduction of historios is by no means opened Pandora's magic box，Instead, it opened a new world for historical research。

　(The author is a professor at the School of History of the Capital Normal University)