Geographic Information System (GIS) technology as a geographical information development tool and scientific thinking，As soon as it was produced, it showed great social effectiveness and scientific value，From the initial Geographical Information System to Geographical Information Science，To today’s Geographical Information Service，Functions continue to improve，The scope of application is getting wider and wider，In Scientific Research and Data Management、Social services and other aspects play a huge role。It is both a spatial information manager，Also spatial data analysis、Scientific system of research。GIS is widely used in nature、All aspects of humanities and society，Also highly valued in the field of bet365 withdrawal research，Become an important tool for spatial analysis and scientific research in bet365 withdrawal research，Having formed its own disciplinary characteristics、bet365 withdrawal Geographic Information System (HGIS) with spatiotemporal characteristics。Since the 21st century，GIS continues to influence the method revolution of history，Driving a series of innovations in bet365 withdrawal research。

　bet365 withdrawal has five major characteristics

bet365 withdrawal is based on computer technology，Taking spatial data with geographical connotations as the processing object，Using the theories of systems engineering and information science、Method，Collection、Storage、Management、Show、Processing、Integrated computer information system that analyzes and outputs geographic information and its products (such as digital maps)。bet365 withdrawal is an emerging field that has emerged with the development of computer technology in the information age，It has five basic characteristics。

First，bet365 withdrawal has spatial geodatabase (Geodatabase) function。This function can be used to manage geospatial data，The earliest bet365 withdrawal was used to manage cadastral data and related urban and rural planning。For example, the first bet365 withdrawal was produced by the Austrian Surveying and Mapping Department in 1956，Using electronic computers to establish the Austrian national cadastral database。It was Canadian surveyor Tomlinson who first proposed the concept of bet365 withdrawal，He first used this term in 1963，And established the world's first geographic information system - Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS) in 1971，For management and planning of native natural resources。1967，New York Land Use and Natural Resources Information System also announced。

Second，bet365 withdrawal can be used for map production，With spatial data visualization function。bet365 withdrawal is a digital map production and presentation system，At the same time, use spatial statistics such as population data、Economic composition、Gross National Product and other geospatial information visualization functions。

　Third，bet365 withdrawal can integrate multivariate data。As a database system，bet365 withdrawal is a digital system used to manage spatial geographic data，Among them map data、Remote sensing image data、Statistical data is the main source of bet365 withdrawal attribute data。Actual data from various field measurements，such as GPS point data、Cadastral survey data, etc. can also be imported into bet365 withdrawal simultaneously。Some text data、Text explanatory materials in the special information system，And descriptive information on the attributes and characteristics of certain features，Can also be integrated into bet365 withdrawal。Therefore，bet365 withdrawal is a digital system that integrates multiple data。

　Fourth，GIS has spatial model analysis (program implementation) function，The system will integrate multiple geospatial analysis models，To help researchers synthesize and study large amounts of geographical data，Use model software to realize data analysis and result output。Such as kernel density analysis of spatial data、Buffer analysis、Spatial network analysis, etc.，This is the main method of scientific bet365 withdrawal，It is also a supporting tool for GIS to move toward geographic information science。

　Fifth，bet365 withdrawal is the basis for building a geographic information platform。The geographic information platform can store and manage geospatial data，And present the geographical information work interface，It is the internal foundation and external presentation of bet365 withdrawal。

　GIS in the field of bet365 withdrawal researchPlay an important role

​​GIS as a spatial geographical analysis system，Has unique advantages in researching problems with spatial relationships as the main object。Paying attention to space and geographical environment becomes physical geography、A common starting point in all fields of humanities and social sciences。Back in the 1970s，The "spatial turn" trend of thought has emerged in Western humanities and social science bet365 withdrawal。Henri Lefebvre proposed the perspective of “space production” from the perspective of social change，Point out that space is the product of changes in various complex social relationships。Although in various disciplines，The connotation and definition of space are different，But related concepts and analysis are introduced to varying degrees。After the 1980s，As geospatial technologies such as GIS continue to mature，Popularizing and extending it to the field of humanities and social science bet365 withdrawal has become a conscious "revolution" among scholars，This also provides a more convenient path and comprehensive disciplinary tool for spatial bet365 withdrawal in the humanities and social sciences。

History is a science of time，Involving all aspects of nature and humanity，The evolution of bet365 withdrawal events does not require the support of the geographical stage。Therefore，Spatial Analysis in History，Especially plays an important role in bet365 withdrawal geography research，GIS technology is undoubtedly of great help to the spatial analysis of history。The first to intervene in this field were American historians Anne Kelly Knowles and Ian N.Gregory (Ian N.Greogory），They have already carried out relevant research in the 1990s，Conducted a series of attempts at GIS-assisted bet365 withdrawal research，Point out that GIS is not only a research tool for integrating bet365 withdrawal materials，It is also a visual publishing media，More helpful in incorporating complex spatial techniques into bet365 withdrawal analysis。Later，They edited and published relevant research into treatises, namely "Past Place: GIS for History" and "Place in History: A Guide to the Application of GIS in bet365 withdrawal Research" ( A Place in History: A Guide to Using GIS in bet365 withdrawal Research)。Neither of the two treatises applies profound GIS theory，Opposite，They provide many reference cases，With rich illustrations，Guide readers to understand how to apply GIS for mapping and spatial analysis，covers many scopes of bet365 withdrawal research，A research guide that can be called bet365 withdrawal GIS。Of course，The two works are also visible to scholars，GIS can expand the research scope of history、Has a unique advantage in solving difficult and complex bet365 withdrawal issues。

Using GIS for bet365 withdrawal research，Establishing a spatial database is the first step，This spatial database forms precise points、line、面，Present bet365 withdrawal map、Basic resources for visual analysis，Requires support of massive data。Lack of data system support，bet365 withdrawal GIS is water without a source、A tree without roots，Constructing a large bet365 withdrawal spatial database has become the basis of scientific research。Since the 1990s，Some large scientific research institutions in the international academic community have begun to integrate resources，Using country as spatial unit，Carry out the development of national bet365 withdrawal geographical information system，UK、United States、Canada、Russia、Germany has established its own bet365 withdrawal geographic information system，Most of them start from the 19th century，Continues to modern times。2001，Fudan University in China and Harvard University in the United States jointly launched the Chinese bet365 withdrawal Geographic Information System (CHGIS) project，And formed the Chinese bet365 withdrawal Geographic Information Platform in 2017。These large databases provide basic data support for bet365 withdrawal GIS analysis。Construction of these large projects，It also produced a series of high-quality research results，Leading the scientific research and development direction of bet365 withdrawal GIS。

China has a rich stock of bet365 withdrawal documents，Regional studies and bet365 withdrawal geographical analysis span a longer period of time，The research on space processes is also unique，These are all helpful for the application of GIS technology，Unique advantages。Use GIS technology for spatial analysis and visual presentation，In recent years, we have also continued to introduce new things，The research direction involves many fields of history，Tend to extend longer over the study period，The results are more outstanding in the study of physical geography and environmental changes。

　GIS technology changes the way of bet365 withdrawal research

Using GIS technology for bet365 withdrawal research not only changes the methods and paths of bet365 withdrawal research，It also had a great impact on bet365 withdrawal research in terms of thinking。

First，GIS has the function of integrating multivariate data，It promotes bet365 withdrawal research to move towards a more refined era of multiple evidence。Since the advent of GIS technology，Historians are exploring how to establish a spatial history database，Plan to integrate bet365 withdrawal research on a large scale，Including accepting various huge amounts of data，And form spatial attribute characteristics for processing GIS。Judging from the current bet365 withdrawal GIS database，Fusion of ancient maps、Remote sensing images、Locatable archaeological sites、Plate photo、Text files and gazetteers have become mainstream。These multivariate data have also become essential tools for bet365 withdrawal GIS research，Enabling bet365 withdrawal research from a single piece of evidence、Dual evidence moves toward multiple evidence，This is most obvious in the study of natural environment changes。Chinese civilization has a long history，Ground development and environmental utilization are changing the natural landscape，River and lake water systems are changing dramatically。Research on the changes of river and lake water systems in bet365 withdrawal periods has always been mainly based on documentary materials，In recent years，Using remote sensing images、Large scale map digitization，Extract the morphology and flow path data of river and lake systems in bet365 withdrawal periods，Research on the morphological changes of river and lake water systems。This is in the lower reaches of the Yellow River、Research on changes in the Haihe River system is progressing，It also enables the study of river and lake systems in bet365 withdrawal periods from its position、The restoration of flow paths moves towards the research stage of river change geomorphology。In this research direction，The support of GIS technology is indispensable。

Second，Batch data processing and macro-problem research have changed the fragmentation of bet365 withdrawal research，is a long period、Major trends provide new research space by grasping the context of bet365 withdrawal development。There is a certain tradition of quantitative geography in bet365 withdrawal geography research，And GIS has more systematic and spatial analysis potential than previous measurement methods。Applying GIS to process and visualize large amounts of data from bet365 withdrawal periods，Become a symbol of contemporary bet365 withdrawal geography。Under research，GIS analysis software plays a key role。Any bet365 withdrawal information may be missing or lost，Therefore，Create continuous、Long-term bet365 withdrawal data is very difficult，This long period of history、Trend analysis creates serious obstacles。The kriging interpolation method in GIS software provides a great help for this。Gregory and ELL are using spatial statistical analysis technology for Irish demographics，Using this technology。They are conducting research on the population changes in Ireland during the Great Famine of 1841-1861，Apply spatial interpolation，Complete all data for a group of administrative units，Through extensive interactive maps，Discussing population changes and housing、Illiteracy rate、The relationship between urban and regional development，Point out that spatial analysis can not only discover the relationship between multiple variables，And be able to identify the differences between these relationships based on certain norms。Creation of continuous data，Enables trend analysis。

　Third，Digitization of ancient maps and in-depth mining of map resources。The production of digital maps，Make the paper map unable to connect to it。The map registration function in GIS software provides the possibility to transform paper maps into digital maps，Through the digitization of ancient maps，On the one hand, it can carry out long-term environmental tracking，On the other hand, map surveying and mapping technology analysis can also be performed，Form new understandings in the two directions of environmental changes and cartography history。In recent years，Academia digitizes and extracts data from maps with a certain actual measurement basis since the Qing Dynasty，Achieved great results。Conducted spatial registration on the "Comprehensive Map of Kunyu and Ten Thousand Kingdoms" painted by Matteo Ricci，Compare with European surveying and mapping maps of the same period，Form new understanding；Provided a more precise positioning of the surveying and mapping technology of Kangxi's "Imperial Map"，Judge that the projection system of this image is the Sangson projection；Actual measurement of various provinces in modern China 1:50,000、1:100,000 large-scale map for spatial registration，Investigating the accuracy of this type of map，Geographic coordinate system identification，These undoubtedly made a great contribution to the history of map surveying。Also，The extracted map data becomes the basis for bet365 withdrawal on environmental changes and landscape morphology。

　Fourth，Changes in digital thinking and research paths。GIS introduces bet365 withdrawal research，Changed the previous bet365 withdrawal research path，Established bet365 withdrawal spatial database，Data forming the system，Is the first step in spatial analysis。Digital thinking and transforming bet365 withdrawal documents into usable bet365 withdrawal data，It is the prerequisite for carrying out work，This working model is the biggest difference from previous bet365 withdrawal research。Replace precise bet365 withdrawal chronology with standard years，Generation of concepts such as place name lifetime，All arisen with digital changes，This is very different from the research method of traditional history，Changing the traditional way of thinking in history，Challenges traditional bet365 withdrawal research methods to a certain extent，Also questioned。

In fact，Generation as a new methodology，New bet365 withdrawal research methods supported by GIS technology，Not only will it not eliminate the original working methods of history，It often provides a broader space for bet365 withdrawal research。Many times，GIS technology establishes new correlations between elements that cannot be matched spatially，Thus generating a new way of asking，Discover new ideas、Solving new problems。Therefore，In terms of research methods and questioning methods，The introduction of GIS into bet365 withdrawal research is by no means opening Pandora’s box，But it opens up a new world for bet365 withdrawal research。

　(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 withdrawal, Capital Normal University)