Published in 1998 in an Analysis journal a short but influential paper，Andy Clark and David Chalmers asks their readers to think about the case of Orto (OTTO)。A patient with Alzheimer Anto，Because I can't remember myself，He relied on a simple technology to remedy: a notebook。Otto always takes his notebook。When he gets the information that may be needed again，Write it on a notebook。When he needs that information，Will read it from the notebook。Clark and Charmers proposed the external memory storage of the notebook as Orto，It seems to be a memory storage from a normal health subject。Clark and Charmers have only a few interest to memory，Their main interest is in a more general cognitive and soul category。Otto case is one of the many cases that they aimed at demonstrating the cognitive process that can be partially surpassed by the brain。The brain extends in space and interacts with the world。They claim，Many memories of Otto are stored in his notebook through words，Just like the memory of a healthy subject (in this or another form) stored in their brains。

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Since the publication of Clark and Charmers，About extension cognitive hypothesis produced a lot of diverse documents。These literatures include the argument that agree and oppose this hypothesis，This hypothesis is applied to various forms of cognition and discusses the extension cognitive framework，Considering the cognition as embedded (Embedded)、Relationship (Embodied) or enactive。But the problems raised by these papers are not only related to general cognition，And also related to memory，Among them, two problems stand out。First，Orty's notebook really stored in the external memory? second，When Ortu uses his notebook，Is he really memories?

These are philosophical problems，But our answer may far exceed the possible impact of philosophy。Consider the first question。This is extremely natural to imagine Orto's notebook for an external memory storage -a very low -tech storage method。Obviously，This is tantamount to the high -tech storage equipment that we have widely dependent in recent years。For example，Otto cannot be independent、Recalling the phone number without foreign aid，So write the phone number bet365 Play online games on the notebook。and the health subject can recall the phone number without foreign aid，But this is a ability we will not use more。Except notebook，Smartphones are now the function of being stored as our external memory，Provided us with a phone number for loved ones and colleagues。This is just one of many examples。Smart phone can store names、Image、Maps and other information，to reduce the burden on our internal memory storage。and smartphones are just a very prominent type of high -tech external memory we relied today。

Some people are worried，The dependence on the external memory storage of these high -tech forms may have the effect of harmful internal memory。We should not forget，Plato has worried that one of the most basic external memory techniques (writing itself) will have this impact，But now this worry does not seem to be based on，But this does not mean that the current anxiety is not based。Consider the notebook、Smartphones and similar forms as external memory，Doing this may include a concept error; in turn，This will make us encounter difficulties when trying to improve many real life。

Current，Many have tried to develop technical auxiliary technical auxiliary to develop the subject of memory damage。One of them is the portable automatic camera (such as Sensecam)，A technology of a life record。Life record technology can generally be used by anyone，and the portable automatic camera is a tool specialized for the main body of the damaged memory。Portable automatic camera is essentially a wearable camera，Take photos at the preset spacing。These photos can be viewed by the main body，Makes the subject recall events that he will not remember。

There are quite a lot of evidence to indicate，Portable automatic camera has practical benefits for the damage to memory，But we may not be too optimistic about the potential of this technology。The inner memory is not working like a camera，Shooting the snapshot that once experienced the event and stored it for later retrieval。Although the psychologist who studies the effect of portable automatic cameras is very clear，Memory does not work like a camera，But the memory of the concept of "camera" is likely to become the basis of optimism of portable automatic cameras and similar technologies。Portable automatic camera as an external memory storage，The photos stored in it are external memory，Like Clark and Charmersto's notebooks, the outer memory is stored and the information stored in it is the external memory。bet365 live casino games But the work of internal memory and the information stored，There is only a little similarity in nature as the portable automatic camera and the photos stored。Inner memory is not like those "external memory"，Not an instant，Coding storage in the inner memory requires time。And，When it is ongoing，Memory may be changed under the influence of the first knowledge of the subject and his continuous experience。Extract (RETRIEVAL) is also a constructive process，The information of various sources includes the situation of the subject when tracing back，Memories that are stepped back。Differences between these "external memory" and internal memory，It means that technologies such as portable automatic cameras may be a bad alternative to internal memory。

But，This does not mean that these technologies do not have any benefit to the subject of memory damaged。We pointed out that they have the real benefit，Question is why these benefits。Consider the benefits of external memory to the subject of damage to the internal memory，This shows that the technology is useful，Because they are different from inner memory。We have already used notebooks and other low -tech external memories，and as described above，We are using more and more external memory in smartphones and other high -tech forms。We use these forms of external memory，Not because they can effectively replace internal memory，but because they can use land to supplement internal memory。

The function of internal memory (lack of stability and plasticity) has certain advantages。For example，They can re -combine the memory of a specific event into the memory of general events。For example，I walked through the memory of a certain working path on Monday，Walking another working path on Tuesday，Such push may re -combine to a general memory that walks through a certain working path。But at the same time，They also have clear disadvantages。For example，In many cases，They may make it difficult for the subject to remember the individual details of an event。For example，I may not remember the weather when I walked at work on Monday。It is in view of these shortcomings，External memory is a supplement to useful internal memory。For example，If I take a photo of the sky when I walk on Monday when I walk on Monday，This photo may make me remember how the weather in my walk at a certain time。

　　Cause and effect theory of memory

Similar technologies with portable automatic cameras and help memory damage may be the same bet365 live casino games category。They can make these subjects remember more specific events they can remember。But they are unlikely to improve all aspects of memory，For example，Re -combine the memory of a specific event into the memory of the general event，This depends on its instability and plasticity。In the depth of the difference between internal memory and "external memory"，Maybe it is best not to use one term。This is a negative answer to our first question — Is Orty's notebook actually stored in the external memory? This does not necessarily require us to give a second question a negative answer -when Orto uses his notebook，Is he really memories? The answer to this question may depend on the memories theory we accept。

The causal theory of memory (The CAUSAL THEARY of Memory)，is the very influential papers published in 1966 in the "Philosophical Review" published in 1966 in 1966 in 1966.，A subject recalls Bet365 lotto review an event only when (1) the event now appeared (2) When the incident occurs，He has experienced the appearance of his current incident with (3) his current event is derived from the experience of the information (memory trace) that has been stored through，Based on his early experience of the incident。Martin and Dishuka advocate the theory of causality through the intuition of the two cases，One of them has amazing similarities with Clark and Charmers's Orto case。

In the first case，A hypothetical main body Kent experienced a certain event event，But subsequent accidents，Because he lost all the memories of the incident, he was amnesia。Then，He happened to encounter a hypnotist who lacks any knowledge of the incident，But he coincides with hypnotic Kent believes that he has experienced an event that he has forgotten。Intuition，Kente did not remember that event。Martin and Dushicha proposed，Because there is no causal relationship between his current appearance and the events he experienced earlier。The first case makes us think of，Memory requires the current appearance (direct or indirect) due to his earlier experience of the incident。

In the second case，Kent experienced a certain event again，But subsequent accidents，Because he lost all the memories of the incident, he was amnesia。But，What he told a friend before suffering from suffering。Kent lost all the memories of the incident after the accident，His friends told him earlier，Tell Kent's content about the incident。Ken Special has another accident。After the second accident，He can still look for his friend to tell him the bet365 live casino games content，But he has lost his friend and told him all the memories of this experience。Kente now appear incident，And there is a cause and effect of his previous experience of the incident and his earlier experience。But intuition，He did not remember that event。This is the proposed by Martin and Dishu，Because there is no causal relationship between his current appearance and the events he experienced earlier，Kent's current appearance did not cause a trace of memory from his earlier experience of the incident。They demonstrated that the second case was not a case of memory but a case of re -learning。The second case of Martin and Dushicha made us think of，Memory requires a causal connection of traces derived from the subject's experience of the event。

You need to pay attention when describing the case structure，This case does involve a causal relationship between the appearance of a willing event and his earlier experience of the incident，but this connection to interact with the world，and through an external source before returning to Kent，Leading his memory of the incident。This structure has similar similarities with Clark and Charmers's Orto case。In this case，Otto experience an event，I have enough time to remember and write it down，Then lose all the memory related to it。Since then，He reads、What to write down，Based on this, form a appearance on the event。There are some differences between this case and the second Kent case。Kent does not form a long -term memory trace before forgetting the incident。And Otto is not like Kent，He did not forget the source of the current appearance of the event。But in these two cases，Cause and effect and interaction with the world，All through an external resource。Kente's friend、Otto's notebook，Read memory when returning to the subject。

So，4585_4602，Instead, study again，He is likely to judge that Otto has no memory，but re -learning。This does not mean that causal supporters cannot agree with extension cognitive hypothesis。But this does mean that they will not be able to agree with Clark and Charmers's support for the support of extended cognition: if the cause and effect theory is correct，So the Ortyan case is more like re -learning，instead of memories。

　　Simulation theory of memory

The theory of memory is influential，but not the only available memories theory。I put forward an analog theory (Simulation Theory in a book published by MIT Press in 2016 in MIT Press (Mit Press).。According to the simulation theory，A subject recalls Bet365 lotto review an event only when (1) his current appearance incident and (2) his current appearance of the incident is produced by a normal -run memory system，This system aims to produce a appearance of a past event。I advocate the theory of simulation is not to resort to our intuition under assumption，Instead, research on the nature of the constructive nature of the memory process of the memory process。Rather than trying to view these discoveries here，I will only point out，Two differences in the theory of simulation theory and causality are particularly important in the current context。First，Simulation theory does not require the subject's current appearance and his earlier experience of the incident。2，Simulation theory does not even require when the incident occurs，The subject experience the event。

There is a causal relationship between the current appearance of the main body and his earlier experience of the subject，So do not require a connection to the traces of memory from this incident。Simulation theory supporters accommodate the memory content derived from other sources outside the recall event，Therefore, in principle, they can calculate the Orto case as an example of memories。Maybe they can agree，Otto's memory system is not available (Malfunctioning)。Therefore，Although they may need a slightly different case to replace Clark and Charmers's Orto case，But simulated theoretical supporters should be able to identify with extended cognitive hypotheses。

Similarly，They will not be able to accept Martin and Dushshu's classification of the second Kente case as a re -learning example: conclude that Kent's memory system function is normal，Generate his current appearance。Simulation theory is counted as memories。In fact，There is a causal relationship between his original experience of the incident and his current appearance and the world interaction of the incident。The academic school of causality may think that this is a defect of the simulation theory，And extended cognitive hypothesis may think that this is an advantage of simulation theory。

But，Even those who think this is an advantage of simulation theory，Classification of theoretical categories under the variant of friends cases。In a variant of a friend case，The description of the friend's description of the event was not based on what Kent told him (maybe Kent did not tell him any content about the incident)，Instead, based on another source of information (such as the experience of the event by a friend himself)。Perhaps consider the variant of the Orto case，Bet365 lotto review Among them, Ortyan's notebook is not recorded by Orto，Instead, it is recorded by others。If we conclude that Kente’s memory system is operating normally，generated its current appearance，and if we modify the Ortyan case，so that Orto's memory system is normal when operating，It produced its appearance，So the theory of simulation will mean that Kente and Otto are both memories。In fact，Because the simulation theory does not require the subject to experience it when the event occurs，This will mean their memories，Whether they used to hold the appearance of the incident。This question brings，The distinction between the memories and re -learning，Simulation theory may eventually ignore the distinction between memories and re -learning。This is a problem that supporters of simulation theory have to face in the future。

　　(Author Unit: Glenobul, France -the University of Memory Philosophy of the University of Alps; Translator Unit: School of Humanities at the University of Macau)