Smart is not only something produced in the individual brain，can also be produced in the group。Group intelligence is manifested as a group of individuals in a seemingly smart way。According to this definition，Group intelligence has already existed for a long time。In Economics、Political Science、Psychology and other fields，Many researchers have studied different forms of group intelligence。In the past 20 years，A new group intelligence appears: groups and computers with interconnectedness，Do smart things together。To understand the possibility and limitations of this new type of group intelligence，We need a new field of interdisciplinary research。

　　bet365 live casino games

Scholars have many different definitions of group intelligence。For example，S. R. Hiltz and M. Turoff define the group intelligence as，"A group decision -making ability that is at least as good or better as any single member in the team"; John Maynard Smith defines it as，"A group of people perform a task，It's as if this group itself is an organized、Smart organic body，Work with a mind，Not a group of independent individuals "; P. Levy defines it as，"A general distribution of intelligence，Continuous enhancement，Real -time coordination，Effective mobilization of the skill "。

If you want to accurately grasp the definition of group intelligence，We need to inspect the different definitions of intelligence first。First, define intelligence according to a specific process。For example，Gitfredson (L. S. Gottfredson) believes，"Smart is a very common mental ability，It includes inference、Plan、Solve the problem、Abstract thinking、Understanding complex thoughts、The ability of bet365 best casino games fast learning and learning from experience "。The second is to define intelligence。For example，"British Encyclopedia" in 2006 defines it as，"The ability to adapt to the environment effectively"。Third is to define intelligence。The most common operating definition of intelligence in psychology is，As a statistical factor, a person performs well in a series of very different cognitive tasks。This factor (usually called "general intelligence" or G) is essentially measured by IQ test。If the behavior is from a computer rather than a person，So no matter how smart the behavior looks like，Whether it is called intelligence still controversial。

Considering the complexity of intelligent definition，We take a simple definition of group intelligence: a group of individuals perform group action in a seemingly intelligent way。Several aspects of this definition are worth noting。1. This definition does not require definition of intelligence under intelligence。We don’t want to limit this emerging research field prematurely，Therefore，This definition does not deny all the definition of intelligence above。2. This definition uses the word "action"，Requires intelligence to be reflected in a certain behavior。3. This definition requirements，To analyze a certain group intelligence，Analysts must be able to identify some individual groups participating in it。4. This definition requires an individual's behavior to be the group。That is to say，There is a certain relationship between their activities。This does not mean that they must have the same goals or always cooperate，but just their activity is not completely independent，There are some interdependent relationships。5. This definition uses the word "seemingly"，What is considered to be clever depends on the viewer's point of view。

　　Research field associated with group intelligence

When establishing a cross -disciplinary field such as group intelligence，Pointing out how to overlap bet365 live casino games and the differences with existing fields is very useful。With this spirit，It is recommended to use the following loose form to consider how group intelligence is associated with the following existing areas。

1. Computer science。Group intelligence and computer science subcontraction overlap，This subset involves people、Computer or both smart behavior。For example，How a group of artificial intelligence subjects jointly show the research of smart behavior，It may be very related to group intelligence;，It may be unrelated。

2. Cognitive science。Cognitive science focuses on understanding the nature of human mind，Including many aspects of mental function，These aspects may be regarded as an integral part of smart behavior (such as perception、Language、Memory and reasoning)。Only when you are concerned about how smart behaviors are generated from the individual group，Group intelligence overlap with cognitive science。This situation usually occurs in the group (such as group memory、Group problem solving and organizational learning)，and how to interact with the different parts of a single brain to produce smart behavior，It can also be part of group intelligence。

3. Sociology、Political Science、Economics、Social Psychology、Anthropology、Organizational Theory、Law。Many of these fields are the research group behavior。Only when the group behavior that pays attention to the overall，These areas overlapped with group intelligence，And these behaviors can be considered as more or less intelligent。For example，Analysis of how the personal attitude is determined，or how do they make economic choices，These are not the core of group intelligence; analyze how the different regulatory mechanisms in the market cause the market as a overall or less intelligent behavior，These are the core of group intelligence。Similarly，Analyze how the company's different organizational bet365 best casino games design causes the company's overall performance，It is also the core of group intelligence。

4. Biology。Part of the group behavior that is regarded as intelligent in group intelligence and biology overlap。For example，Research on the bee and ant colony，Sometimes focusing on how a single insect interacts，This will produce the overall behavior that is conducive to the entire group。

5. Network science。Group intelligent attention is the subset of online science，Smart group behavior。For example，Only analyzes the spread of news in the network with different topology structures，Not the core of group intelligence，Because there is no clear analysis of the overall intelligent behavior; but if this research also analyzes the network as a whole how to effectively filter different types of news，or how the speed of information diffusion affects the speed of solving problems，This will be the core of group intelligence。

　　Academic History of Group Intelligent Research

"Group Intelligence" The term has been used since the 19th century or even earlier。For example，Dr. Robert Graves use it to describe the accelerated progress of medical knowledge; political philosopher John Pumroy uses it to describe the people's sovereignty; C. W. Shields uses it to use it Describe science as a group of hard work。1906，Socialist Lester Frank Ward uses the word in a similar modern meaning: "The degree of social development will depend on group intelligence。This is like society like brain power for individuals。”

The earliest academic article on the title of "Group Intelligence" was written by psychologist David Wechsler，He has developed some of the most widely used IQ tests。Wee thinks，Group intelligence is not only group behavior，It also involves foreign body fertilization，As a result, the individual cannot produce something。About the same period，Computer scientist Doug Engelbart is doing the pioneering work of "enhancing human intelligence" with Bet365 lotto review computer，Including providing computing support for team cooperation。Later, Engelbart used the term "group IQ" to describe this work and its broader meaning。1978，Heitz and Turph use the term "group intelligence" to describe the goals of the computerized conference system they have created。The 1980s and the 1990s，"Group Intelligence" is increasingly used to describe insects、The behavior of the mobile robot group and the human group and the human collaboration of the electronic media，Two books with the title of "Group Intelligence" also appeared in that period。Smith Following the work team supported by computer，Liewei's global ideological exchange of network space。

In the first 10 years of the 21st century，The word "group intelligence" is used more widely，In computer science、Commercial and other fields often appear in many publications。It plays an important role in spreading this concept，is the book "Smart of the Group" and other books that are characterized by the concept of group intelligence，For example, "Wikipeda Economics" and "Reason Optimism"。The first academic conference on group intelligence appeared during this period，and the first academic research center specializing in this topic -group intelligent center，The center was established in 2006 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology。

　　Concepts related to group intelligence

Except for the use of the term "group intelligence"，The authors in many fields also talk about some closely related concepts。For example，Since the 19th century，Psychologists often talk about similar concepts，Including public psychology and group unconscious。For example，Emile Durkheim uses the term "group consciousness" to indicate the common belief and values ​​that cause group unity。Adam Smith once talked about the "invisible hand" to control the resource allocation in the market。Some writers talked about the form of group intelligence globally，Concepts such Bet365 lotto review as "World Brain", "Planetary Thinking" and "Global Brain"。

Recent，Social scientists have discussed many phenomena that can be regarded as smart examples of groups。For example，Analyze the group through interactive memory theory (such as married couples and commercial organizations) how to divide and coordinate memory work。The research of distributed cognition tests the cognitive process of the real world (such as the naval ship sailing)，Instead of using others and objects as a key component。Research on Trust Trust Expires，We think we are scientific、Religion and other topics know how much is not based on our own first -hand experience，but what we trust told us based on what we trust。Some philosophers think，The brain is only included in the skull and is arbitrary。On the contrary，Many cognitive processes are closely related to some external objects，For example, in spelling games，Paper and pens are used as prompt words for long multiplication and reunion letter blocks。Therefore，It should be considered that a part of these external objects should be cognitive process。

In recent years，The popularity and maturity of group intelligent research increased significantly。For example，Information technology to make group intelligence a possible new situation is affecting the daily life of people around the world。Including neuroscience、Many disciplines including economics and biology，In terms of understanding how group individuals complete smart tasks，All have achieved fundamental breakthroughs。but，If we do not work hard to integrate these cross -domain insights，will form a knowledge island one by one，May pay extra efforts in different academic groups，and lose the opportunity to cross -disciplinary collaboration。Current，Group intelligent research came to the need to share insights in different fields、The critical moment of work together。This bet365 Play online games challenge is more severe，We should use all the resources we can use to solve these problems，Efforts to promote cross -disciplinary research for group intelligence。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Fund's later fund -funded project "The Ethical Dilemma of Artificial Intelligence and Research on Ethical Regulations" (19FZXB024) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Economic Ethics Research Center of Shanghai Normal University)