bet with bet365 is not just something produced in an individual’s brain，Can also be produced in groups。Swarm bet with bet365 manifests itself as a group of individuals acting in a seemingly intelligent manner。According to this definition，Swarm bet with bet365 has been around for a long time。In Economics、Political Science、Psychology and other fields，Many researchers have studied different forms of swarm bet with bet365。In the past 20 years，A new kind of swarm bet with bet365 emerges: interconnected swarms and computers，Doing smart things together。To understand the possibilities and limitations of this new type of swarm bet with bet365，We need a new interdisciplinary research field。

　　Definition of crowd bet with bet365

Scholars have many different definitions of swarm bet with bet365。For example，Shilts(S. R. Hiltz) and Turuf (M. Turoff) defines swarm bet with bet365 as，“A group decision-making ability that is at least as good or better than any individual member of the team”；John Maynard Smith defines it as，“A group of people perform a task，As if the group itself is an organized one、An intelligent organism，Working with one mind，Rather than a collection of independent individuals”；Levi(P. Levy) defines it as，“A universally distributed bet with bet365，Continuously strengthening，Real-time coordination，And lead to effective mobilization of skills”。

To accurately grasp the definition of crowd bet with bet365，We need to first examine the different definitions of bet with bet365。One is to define bet with bet365 according to specific processes。For example，Gottfredson (L. S. Gottfredson) thinks，“bet with bet365 is a very common mental ability，It includes reasoning、Plan、Solve the problem、Abstract thinking、Understanding complex ideas、The ability to learn quickly and learn from experience”。The second is to define bet with bet365 according to goals and environment。For example，The 2006 Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as，"The ability to adapt effectively to the environment"。The third is to define bet with bet365 based on operability。The most common operational definition of bet with bet365 in psychology is，As a statistical factor measuring a person's ability to perform well on a range of very different cognitive tasks。This factor (often called "general bet with bet365" or G) is essentially what IQ tests measure。If the behavior is generated by a computer rather than a human，Then no matter how intelligent the behavior seems，It is still controversial whether to call it bet with bet365。

Considering the complexity of bet with bet365 definition，We adopt a simple definition of swarm bet with bet365: a group of individuals perform group actions in a seemingly intelligent way。Several aspects of this definition are worth noting。1.This definition does not require a definition of bet with bet365。We do not want to prematurely limit this emerging field of research，Therefore，This definition does not negate all the above definitions of bet with bet365。2.This definition uses the word "action"，Require bet with bet365 to be reflected in a certain behavior。3.This definition requires，To analyze some kind of group bet with bet365，The analyst must be able to identify certain groups of individuals involved。4.This definition requires that the behavior of an individual is that of a group。In other words，There is a certain relationship between their activities。This does not mean they must have the same goals or must always cooperate，But their activities are not completely independent，There are some interdependencies。5.This definition is defined by the use of the word "seemingly"，Suggests that what is considered intelligent depends on the observer's perspective。

　　Research fields related to swarm bet with bet365

When establishing interdisciplinary fields such as swarm bet with bet365，It is useful to point out how new fields overlap and differ from existing fields。In this spirit，The following loose form is suggested to consider how swarm bet with bet365 relates to several existing fields listed below。

　　1.Computer Science。Swarm bet with bet365 overlaps with subsets of computer science，This subset involves people、Intelligent behavior of a computer or both。For example，Research on how a group of artificial bet with bet365 subjects jointly exhibit intelligent behavior，Probably very relevant to swarm bet with bet365；But does not focus on research on how different processing units work together，Maybe it’s not relevant。

　　2.Cognitive Science。Cognitive science focuses on understanding the nature of the human mind，Includes many aspects of mental function，These aspects may be considered components of intelligent behavior (such as perception、Language、Memory and reasoning)。Only when focusing on how intelligent behavior emerges from groups of individuals，Swarm bet with bet365 overlaps with cognitive science。This situation usually occurs in groups (such as group memory、Group problem solving and organizational learning)，The study of how different parts of a single brain interact to produce intelligent behavior，Can also become part of swarm bet with bet365。

　　3.Sociology、Political Science、Economics、Social Psychology、Anthropology、Organization Theory、Law。Many of these fields study group behavior。Only when focusing on overall group behavior，These fields overlap with swarm bet with bet365，And these behaviors can be considered more or less intelligent。For example，Analyze how personal attitudes are determined，Or how they made their economic choices，These are not the core of swarm bet with bet365；Analyze how different regulatory mechanisms in the market lead to more or less intelligent behavior in the market as a whole，These are the core of swarm bet with bet365。Same，Analyze how the company’s different organizational designs lead to the company’s overall performance，Also the core of swarm bet with bet365。

　　4.Biology。Swarm bet with bet365 partially overlaps with group behavior considered intelligent in biology。For example，Study of hives and ant colonies，Sometimes focused on how individual insects interact，Thereby resulting in overall behavior that benefits the entire group。

　　5.Network Science。Swarm bet with bet365 focuses on a subset of network science，Group behavior involving bet with bet365。For example，Only analyze the propagation speed of news in networks with different topologies，Not the core of swarm bet with bet365，Because the overall intelligent behavior is not clearly analyzed；But what if such research also analyzed how effectively the network as a whole filters different kinds of news，Or how the speed of information diffusion affects the speed of problem solving，This will be the core of swarm bet with bet365。

　　The evolution of academic history of swarm bet with bet365 research

The term “swarm bet with bet365” has been used since the 19th century or even earlier。For example，Dr. Robert Graves used it to describe the accelerating progress of medical knowledge；Political philosopher John Pumroy used it to describe popular government；Shields (C. W. Shields) Use it to describe science as a group effort, etc.。1906，Sociologist Lester Frank Ward used the term in a similar modern sense: "The extent of social development will depend on group bet with bet365。This is to society what brain power is to the individual。”

The earliest academic article titled "Swarm bet with bet365" was written by psychologist David Wechsler，He developed some of the most widely used IQ tests。Webster thinks，Swarm bet with bet365 is not just group behavior，Also involves cross-fertilization，Causes the individual to be unable to produce something。About the same period，Computer scientist Doug Engelbart is conducting pioneering work on using computers to "augment human bet with bet365"，Includes computing support for teamwork。Engelbart later used the term "group bet with bet365" to describe this kind of work and its broader implications。1978，Shilts and Turuve used the term "swarm bet with bet365" to describe the goals of the computerized conferencing system they pioneered。1980s and 1990s，“Swarm bet with bet365” is increasingly used to describe insects、Behavior of mobile robot groups and human groups and human collaboration in electronic media，Two books titled "Swarm bet with bet365" also appeared during that period。Smith Concerned Computer Support Working Group，Levi focuses on the global exchange of ideas in cyberspace。

In the first 10 years of the 21st century，The term "swarm bet with bet365" is used more widely，In Computer Science、Recurring in many publications in business and other fields。Played an important role in the spread of this concept，is the book The bet with bet365 of Swarms and other popular books featuring the concept of swarm bet with bet365，Such as "Wikinomics" and "The Rational Optimist" etc.。This period also saw the first academic conference on swarm bet with bet365，And the Center for Collective bet with bet365, the first academic research center dedicated to this topic，The center was established in 2006 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States。

　　Concepts related to swarm bet with bet365

Except for the use of the term “swarm bet with bet365”，Authors in many fields also talk about some closely related concepts。For example，Since the 19th century，Psychologists often talk about similar concepts，Including mass psychology and group unconsciousness, etc.。For example，Emile Durkheim used the term "group consciousness" to mean the shared beliefs and values ​​that lead to group unity。Adam Smith once talked about the “invisible hand” controlling the allocation of resources in the market。Some writers have spoken of forms of swarm bet with bet365 on a global scale，Uses concepts such as "world brain", "planetary mind" and "global brain"。

Recently，Social scientists discuss many phenomena that can be considered examples of swarm bet with bet365。For example，Analysis of how groups (such as married couples and business organizations) divide and coordinate memory work through transactive memory theory。Research on distributed cognition examines how real-world cognitive processes (such as the navigation of a naval ship) occur in more than just a single brain，Instead, use other people and objects as key components。Research on trust in testimony shows，We think we are interested in science、How much of what we know about religion and other topics is not based on our own first-hand experience，But based on what others we trust tell us。Some philosophers believe，It is arbitrary that the brain is contained only within the skull。Opposite，Many cognitive processes are closely related to some external objects，Like in Scrabble，Paper and pen for long multiplications and prompt words for rearranging letter blocks。Therefore，These external objects should be considered as part of the "mind" that undergoes cognitive processes。

In recent years，The popularity and maturity of swarm bet with bet365 research have increased significantly。For example，The new situation in which information technology makes swarm bet with bet365 possible is affecting the daily lives of people around the world。Includes neuroscience、Many disciplines including economics and biology，In understanding how groups of individuals work together to complete intelligent tasks，All have achieved fundamental breakthroughs。But，If we don’t work to synthesize these cross-cutting insights，Isolated islands of knowledge will be formed，May spend excess effort in different academic groups，And lose the opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration。current，Swarm bet with bet365 research has reached the point where different fields need to share insights、Critical moment of joint efforts。This challenge is more severe，We should use all resources at our disposal to solve these problems，Strive to promote interdisciplinary research on swarm bet with bet365。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund later-funded project "Research on the Moral Dilemma of Artificial bet with bet365 and Its Ethical Regulation" (19FZXB024)

(Author’s unit: Economic Ethics bet with bet365 Center of Shanghai Normal University)