long time，Humans have been adopting dietary choices、Physical exercise and adjusting work and rest patterns and other measures to prevent diseases、Stay healthy。The development of modern bet365 best casino games has given people a deeper understanding of the cause and effect of some diseases，So that measures can be taken in advance to prevent the occurrence of diseases，This kind of intervention that takes steps in advance to prevent the occurrence of disease is called preventive medical intervention。However，Preventive bet365 best casino games is a field that has no complementary disciplines in bet365 best casino games，That is, there is no corresponding discipline called "therapeutic bet365 best casino games"。It is difficult to have a generally accepted definition of “preventive bet365 best casino games”，But people still try to explain or even define it。For example，John Paul thinks，Preventive bet365 best casino games is “to prevent a healthy person from getting sick，Or efforts to prevent a patient’s condition from worsening”；Clark (E. Aileen Clarke) thinks，“According to the definition of the World Health Organization，For most people，Health is the absence of disease。The real goal of preventive bet365 best casino games is to achieve this freedom from disease”。Obviously，Any early intervention aimed at “protecting” health may be considered preventive bet365 best casino games intervention。

With the development of modern science，Preventive bet365 best casino games will form a "knowledge base" of human diseases，The decoding of the human genome and the rapid development of artificial intelligence，The "knowledge base" of human diseases will rapidly expand。Furthermore，Human prevention of potential diseases is no longer limited to traditional vaccinations, etc.，Genome-directed preventive bet365 best casino games may offer greater abundance、Accurate、Effective intervention。

Currently，Commercial companies that provide “personal genomic health risk information” and “genetic assessment of family history of common diseases” have emerged in some Western countries。Normally，Providing “personal genomic health risk information” also known as “genetic counseling”，i.e. “helping people understand and adapt to bet365 best casino games、Psychological and family aspects，The process of genetic influence on disease”。And family history assessment "is often described as the cutting edge of genetic bet365 best casino games，Can identify an individual’s risk for common family diseases，For example, cardiovascular disease、Cancer、Type II diabetes and mental illness, etc.”。As Julianne M. O’Daniel) said，“Within the framework of appropriate clinical information and risk communication，Genomic assessment can be used for preemptive and preventive measures，Including lifestyle changes、Health Screening、Testing and appropriate early treatment。Therefore，Genome-oriented preventive bet365 best casino games，From a personal perspective，Offers great potential to promote health and care for a broad and diverse population”。

Compared with genetic counseling and family history assessment，Controversial are preimplantation genetic diagnosis technology (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis) and gene editing technology。Preimplantation genetic diagnosis technology can perform genetic testing on human embryos fertilized in vitro，Thus discovering serious genetic defects；Gene editing technology can modify these serious genetic defects。Preimplantation genetic diagnosis technology and gene editing technology are subject to legal and ethical constraints in some countries and cultures，Although they offer some different possibilities for preventive bet365 best casino games，But we should treat it with caution。

Preventive bet365 best casino games as part of public health care，Has an important position in modern society。At the same time，The development of science and technology provides great potential for preventive bet365 best casino games，This is undoubtedly a temptation。However，Preventive medical intervention is in a sense the enhancement or improvement of the immune system，Resulting in some enhancement interventions targeting the immune system that may appear to be human enhancement。In addition，Preventive bet365 best casino games and Human Enhancement in Motivation、means、Conceptual and metaphysical aspects are closely related，This makes it necessary for us to be wary of human enhancement in the name of preventive bet365 best casino games。

First，People yearn for a better life，Diseases and limitations of organisms often become "blockers" to a better life。Although modern bet365 best casino games can effectively intervene in many diseases，But people prefer that these diseases “never happen”。Preventive bet365 best casino games aims to reduce or even avoid disease，To improve the quality of human life。In fact，Many human diseases are related to the limitations of the organism，Such as those diseases that are inevitable with age。Some human enhancement advocates hope to cure age-related diseases，Making human enjoyment longer、Higher quality life，This claim is known in human enhancement as "lifespan extension"。Therefore，At least in the pursuit of human welfare，Human enhancement may claim to be consistent with the appeal of preventive bet365 best casino games。

Secondly，The development of modern science and technology has not only promoted the progress of preventive bet365 best casino games，Also provides technical possibilities for human enhancement。Take genetic science as an example，Genomic risk testing and whole genome analysis will enrich preventive bet365 best casino games、More accurate and effective interventions。However，The results of genetic science may also be used for human enhancement: scientists have confirmed that modifying genes can enhance the memory of rats and mice，Increasing amounts of brain growth factor and signaling protein adenylyl cyclase improves memory，Thus providing the possibility for genetic cognitive enhancement of humans。

In addition，Preventive bet365 best casino games and human enhancement share more than just motivation and technological means，And share things like health、Disease、Core concepts such as normal functioning and well-being。In the definition of preventive bet365 best casino games and human enhancement，Health、Disease、Concepts such as normal functioning and well-being are central，However，People respond to diseases at different times、Health、Different understandings and expectations of normal functioning and well-being。Take health as an example，Joseph Stokes and others from anatomy、Functionality、Dimensions of adaptability and subjective value，Health is “a state characterized by anatomical integrity；Family capable of fulfilling personal values、Work and group roles；Ability to handle physiology、Biological and social stress；Feeling happy；No risk of disease and premature death”。Obviously，When the connotation of "health" includes not only biological aspects，Also includes people’s social identity、When it comes to aspects such as happiness and ability to cope with stress，It will become more and more unstable、Unclear，Because these aspects are highly subjective and relative。Therefore，When people have high expectations for "health", "normal function" and "happiness"，An intervention may claim to be preventive bet365 best casino games；But with lower expectations for “health”, “normal functioning” and “happiness”，The intervention may be accused of human enhancement。

Although preventive bet365 best casino games and human enhancement in motivation、There is a close connection between means and concepts，But there is an important difference between the two。After World War II，Preventive bet365 best casino games has become part of public health care in many countries。This means，When scientists obtain effective preventive measures for a certain disease，In relevant circumstances，Almost everyone equally enjoys the benefits brought by this technology。For example, in our country，People can easily get anti-smallpox、Tetanus、Whooping cough、Polio、Hepatitis B、Vaccines for measles and other viruses，Some are even free。Therefore，Preventive bet365 best casino games at least will not exacerbate the inequity between different individuals in the relevant environment。However，Human enhancement may be a scarce resource，Only a very small number of individuals can enjoy the benefits it brings。For example，Some new research findings in recent years，Strychnine、Nutrition、Drugs such as the piracetam family and consolidation enhancers can help with long-term memory，This provides the possibility for cognitive enhancement。However，Not everyone in the relevant environment has access to these drugs: for one thing，Many people don’t know this information；On the other hand，These high-tech based drugs are often expensive，Not everyone can afford it。

John Bordley Rawls thinks，Justice should enable all citizens to enjoy equal freedom，And make sure that inequality benefits everyone。Human enhancement often exacerbates unfairness to others in the relevant environment，Therefore it violates the principle of justice。Therefore，An operational criterion for distinguishing preventive bet365 best casino games from human enhancement is，Whether it exacerbates the unfairness between different individuals in the relevant environment。In the context of the ever-changing science and technology and diversified value pursuits，We should be wary of human enhancement in the name of preventive bet365 best casino games。

　(bet365 best casino games article is a phased result of the "Research on the Conceptual History of Possibility and Necessity" (19YJC720029), a project of the Ministry of Education's Humanities and Social Sciences Research Youth Fund)

(Author’s unit: School of Philosophy and bet365 best casino games Development, Northwest University of Political Science and Law)