Ethnography (Ethnography) is a field survey research method，Try to enter a cultural internal internal cultural internal，"From the inside out" by observation and interviews to show the explanation of meaning and behavior，is a "deep description" method。Bronislaw Kaspar Malinowski (Bronislaw Kaspar Malinowski) published in the book "Western Pacific Ocean" published in 1922，Create a systematic method to write a national history，To study the indigenous society of the New Guinea Islands in the New Guinea Islands。In Science Sociology，This method is often used to study the culture of a scientific laboratory。

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In the process of scientific sociology development，Edinburgh School focuses on macro research on scientific knowledge。To make up for its deficiencies，Some sociologists inspect knowledge from a micro perspective，Methods of the ethnic history introduced in laboratory studies of scientific sociology from the investigation of alien national culture。

The 1960s，American sociologist Heidi J. Swarts launched field surveys to the University of California's Lawrence Livermore Lab，Describes the development history of the laboratory。But it did not pay attention to the practice of the laboratory、The regular life of scientists。1975，Michael Lynch for the first time using Harold Garfinkel's ethnic method to conduct a laboratory bet365 live casino games research in scientific sociology。He launched field surveys at the University of California, Ireland，I personally participated in the laboratory's "axial growth" neural anatomy research。As an experiment，At the same time, it is an observer，He completed the doctoral dissertation and monograph "The Technical and Artificial Facts in Laboratory Science"。1975，Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar began to enter the neurological endocrine laboratory to conduct a survey，Finally completed the book "Laboratory Life"。1981，Karin D.knorr-Cetina in "Manufacturing of Knowledge"，Study on the laboratory in the method of nationality，Analysis of the construction process of scientific knowledge and scientific papers。1988，Sharon Traweek in "Physics and Humans"，Examine the scientists engaged in high -energy physics research and their laboratory culture。

　　Features of the National Chronicle

The core content of the national history research method lies in "participating in observation method"，Its features include: the initial hypothesis is not proposed; the conclusion is obtained through the system、Comprehensive observation and participation; longer，Research concentrated on cases; investigators obtain first -hand information with problems; the information obtained by the survey includes text materials that are perceptive on the spot;。

Specifically，National Shitian field work is mainly divided into the following three steps。First，Preparation stage。Select the topic，Determine research issues and survey groups。Familiar with the Bet365 lotto review theoretical achievements of the predecessors according to the research issues and the basic situation of the relevant investigation group，Formulate an outline of the investigation。2，On -site survey。Enter the survey location，Establishing a dialogue bridge with observer and observation objects，Detailed record observation phenomenon and access situation。Coding system that can be established to establish a sorting data，You can also use electronic equipment to assist record data, etc.。third，Write the National Chronicle。Transform the information collected and collects into anthropological languages，Describe the cultural characteristics of the group observed group。

　　Analysis of the national history of laboratory life

Laboratory Studies in Ratul and Woolga，is a typical representative of the use of nationality research methods in scientific sociology。In the book "Laboratory Life"，They described the venue of scientists in the laboratory in detail、Method、Process、Debate between scientists and the expression of research results，Finally, the scientific fact is the conclusion of artificial construction。

October 1975 to August 1977，Latur entered the Salco Research Institute to participate in observation，He compares the laboratory to a mysterious black box，Observe the work of scientists in the box。He found，Laboratory is divided into two functional areas -experimental area and office area。Scientists use a variety of experimental instruments in the experimental area、Chemical reagents, etc. to slaughter the Bet365 app download small animals sent in、Cut、Sewing、mark, etc.，Refers a lot of data data。These data data are sent to the office area，Dr. and graduate students read、Writing、typing，Turn the data into a chart，Then refer to the book、Magazine，Finally produced a paper。

Ratur calls the procedure of the laboratory as "Literary Inscript" system。Specifically，Enter the system required by the laboratory into this system，Operation through instrument and technical staff，Output with scientific claims。The instrument has markup capabilities，The device of each label is a machine、Combination of instruments and experiments，Scientific papers are the product of this text marking system。Latur thinks，Scientists have studied not the fact itself，The scientific facts expressed in the thesis are just the product of the experimental personnel，It is the symbol of the instrument marked artificial manner as the facts。So，He proposed，Scientific facts are the facts created，instead of discovery facts。

Latur described the construction process of the thyroid release factor (hormone) TRF (h) (Tryrotropin Release Houmone)，more proof of the above views。Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally lead the research team to start research on TRF (H)。1966，Gillette determines that TRF is not peptide based on its own experimental results，Sarri tested in the experiment that TRF contains three amino acids，But he is subject to the authority of Gillette，Tenned my experimental results。This also leads to a change in TRF research direction。Bet365 app download until 1969，Gilletin's proposal at the meeting，He found that TRF contains three amino acids 80%of the total，TRF is peptide。，Two groups question the chemical sequence of TRF、Content，It was determined until the use of a mass spectrometer to determine the chemical structure of TRF。can be seen from it，Competition and negotiation of scientists often affect the development direction of scientific research。Scientific phenomenon on the one hand depends on the data screened by scientists，On the other hand, it depends on the changes and progress of the experimental instrument。Scientific facts are not only discovering the process，It is still a scientific construction process full of uncertain factors。As Latur said in the book，No scientific facts are discovered，They are all constructed。

Overall，Laboral research in Latur is not the discovery of describing a specific scientific knowledge，and in the method of using the nation，On -site inspections of the site and process of production science，Discuss how scientific knowledge generates and exists。Selection of scientific experimental equipment、Symbols marked by the instrument、The authority of scientists、The research direction of disciplines and other factors have all about the scientific understanding process、The conclusion of the experiment has an impact。So，Scientific production process is no longer considered independent，The emergence of scientific facts is also affected by other factors，It is artificially constructed under various factors。

　　Discussion on the application of national ideas

In the above case，Latur observes the division of labor in the laboratory、Experimental operation、Publishing and other series of processes，Summarize a set of "Literature Inscription" system，The conclusion of the scientific knowledge and scientific papers are concluded by society and human factors。Different from the previous macro perspective，It starts from a micro perspective to conduct a detailed and deep inspection，Maintenance of the claim of social construction theory，Breaking the inherent impression of scientific authority，is a typical application of the ethnic method in scientific sociology。

But，Although the national methods in scientific sociology have brought us a novel perspective，But still questioned many doubts。First，Ethnicism methods emphasize to observe and record by anthropologists，This is inevitable affected by the observer's own cultural tendency。Second，The situation of the laboratory research and the personal emotions of the experiment are full of uncertainty，This causes anthropologists to be unable to observe stable information。

Although the national methods have been questioned many questions，But the social construction theory it confirmed helps to understand science from different perspectives。With the method of ethnicism of anthropology, more applied in scientific sociology research，Laboratory research will also promote further development of scientific sociology。Another，With the rapid development of technology，Methods of the national history will be widely used in other fields。

　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy and Social Development of Overseas Chinese University)