The status of bet with bet365 in contemporary philosophy is different from its mainstream status in modern philosophy，usually plays a fundamental role、Supporting role，Rarely go to the front desk。What gets more attention on the philosophical stage often comes from other areas of philosophy (such as ontology、The transcendence of bet with bet365 achieved by ethics, etc.，or learn from it、Utilizing some cutting-edge advances in natural science，Then challenge to the traditional view of bet with bet365。In the current construction of new liberal arts，The trend of crossover and integration between disciplines is becoming more and more obvious，bet with bet365 as the basic field of philosophy should not just be an object to be surpassed or challenged。We must rebuild the essential relationship between knowledge and society，Play the due role of bet with bet365。

　　Gettier brought a paradigm shift in bet with bet365

This year，A major event that made the philosophical community pay attention to contemporary bet with bet365 again，The death of American philosopher Edmund Gettier。Gettier's departure prompted people to revisit his three-page paper "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge" published in 1963?？》。In this classic document，Gettier’s clever counterexample，Questioning the classic three-dimensional definition of knowledge of “justified-true-belief”，Trying to find new definitions to construct a more complete "theory of knowledge"，became the mainstream paradigm of “doing bet with bet365” in the following decades。

This paradigm created by Gettier，The achievement is huge。Today we randomly opened an English textbook entitled "Introduction to bet with bet365"，You will find that the content is often not arranged according to the modern epistemological framework of "rationalism-empiricism-Kant's critical philosophy"，But different topics studied according to bet with bet365，Analytical definition divided into knowledge、Aspects of intellectual defense and responses to skepticism，Introducing novel results of contemporary research - many of which come from research under the Gettier paradigm。Under the influence and cultivation of the Gettier Paradigm，A large number of outstanding epistemologists have emerged，The differentiation of bet with bet365 sub-disciplines and the construction of disciplinary communities，All have reached a height that is difficult to reach in modern philosophy。Gettier for his irreplaceable influence on contemporary bet with bet365，will leave a mark in the history of philosophy compiled by future generations。

But at the same time，We also want to see，In the process of subject subdivision，The need for convergent thinking into subfields or specialized topics of bet with bet365，Beyond efforts to engage in divergent thinking between bet with bet365 and other areas of philosophy。This aspect raises the threshold of “doing bet with bet365”，Promoted more sophisticated reflection and debate and theoretical reconstruction，On the other hand, it is easy to ignore or even intentionally reject the impulse of divergent thinking，As ​​a result, mainstream paradigm research tends to combine the issue of “knowledge” with other important philosophical issues (such as happiness、Justice、Beliefs, etc.) are out of touch，Pure "knowledge theory" cannot be like modern bet with bet365，Made a theoretically adequate response to the general philosophical issues inherent in human existence and life practice。This may partially explain，Why bet with bet365 is often regarded as the object of transcendence or challenge。

　　Social bet with bet365 goes beyond the Gettier paradigm

Actually，Informed people in contemporary bet with bet365 have long realized this，There are always efforts to modify or even overcome the Gettier paradigm。For example，From being entangled in the definition of knowledge to focusing on the value of knowledge。Virtue bet with bet365 (virtue bet with bet365) mainly represented by Ernst Sosa and Linda Zagzebski，Anchor the normativity of knowledge in the concept of “intellectual virtue”，Greatly broadens the research horizons of bet with bet365，Strengthened the connection between bet with bet365 and practical philosophy, especially virtue ethics。1999，Alvin Goldman clearly proposed the research program of "social bet with bet365" in his book "Knowledge in the Social World"，Indicates the transcendence of the Gettier paradigm and the reconstruction of the social connotation of knowledge，It has become an urgent academic task。Afterwards，In the first 20 years of the 21st century，Social bet with bet365 has made great progress，The Gettier paradigm can no longer conquer the world。

Contemporary bet with bet365 has entered a new stage in which a hundred flowers bloom，But the epistemological stereotypes formed over the past few decades will not automatically disappear。Understand the connotation of social bet with bet365，Just to overcome this stereotype，An excellent opportunity to re-examine the development possibilities of contemporary bet with bet365。According to Gouldman，Social bet with bet365 can be divided into three types。

The first type of cognitive subject is still the individual belief subject，It’s just that individual beliefs and attitudes need to be defended by bet with bet365 evidence。For example，testimonial knowledge that the listener knows through the speaker's information，Two or more have the same rational ability、Cognitors with equally good evidence can still hold completely opposite beliefs，The so-called peer disagreement，All research objects belong to this category。

The second type of cognitive subject is no longer an individual，But the main body of group belief。The attribution of knowledge in ordinary language is not limited to individual knowers，It may also be assigned to a certain group or institution。For example，"We know" or "The company has made the following decision"，Wait。This type of social bet with bet365 needs to clarify whether the beliefs and attitudes of the group really exist，What are the differences and connections with individual attitudes。

The third category is what Gouldman values ​​​​especially，What he calls a “system-oriented” bet with bet365。This type of social bet with bet365 aims to evaluate various systems that exist in society from the perspective of epistemic systems、System and its operating mechanism。Any social system must become a knowledge system，It is necessary to use interpersonal communication within the system to influence the cognitive results of individual members。According to this standard，Justice in modern society、Politics、Media communication、Education and other systems，They all perform the functions of knowledge systems in different senses，Thus they are all research objects of system-oriented social bet with bet365。

　　Reconstructing the essential relationship between bet with bet365 and society

Compared with Gettier Paradigm，Reconstructing knowledge and social evidence、Group belief、The essential relationship of social systems，It is a distinctive feature of social bet with bet365。This will greatly subvert the stereotype of contemporary bet with bet365，At the same time, it also produced multiple theoretical effects。Limited to space，Here are only three aspects of its significance。

First，Social bet with bet365 truly has the core characteristics of the new liberal arts，The research relies on the deep intersection and integration of philosophy and various social sciences。Especially in the system-oriented type of epistemological research，Philosophers are necessary and political science、Communication、Experts in education and other fields work together。The construction of new liberal arts in the field of philosophy is not just about advocating the alliance between philosophers and natural scientists，We can also look forward to establishing an alliance between philosophers, especially epistemologists, and social scientists。

Secondly，Social bet with bet365 is a combination of applied research and pure theoretical research。Social bet with bet365 is an "applied bet with bet365"。2019，Routledge Published a "Handbook of Applied bet with bet365"，Many new issues are discussed (such as epistemic injustice、Search engine、Rumors and conspiracy theories, etc.) all belong to the category of social bet with bet365。But social bet with bet365 is not only of applicational nature，There is also a side of pure theoretical construction。

Take testimony knowledge as an example，Modern British philosophers such as Locke、Both Hume and Reid have made in-depth discussions and theoretical contributions。In contemporary bet with bet365, especially the Gettier paradigm，Testimony knowledge is only regarded as a relatively marginal type of knowledge。But among philosophers of everyday language analysis，Testimony knowledge is precisely the most typical manifestation of the nature of knowledge。According to this understanding，Everyday grammatical expression of "know"，What we are concerned with is not the difference between “really knowing” and “merely believing”，It’s “who has the knowledge”: knowledge is what we get from reliable information providers。The essential relationship between knowledge and information communication is fully elucidated in Edward Craig's "Knowledge and the State of Nature"，But often ignored by mainstream research on bet with bet365。The rise of social bet with bet365 will directly continue this academic context，May also include other ordinary language philosophers such as Austin、Related work by Anscombe and Bernard Williams et al，Thus providing some understanding of the nature of knowledge、Theoretical construction that is very different from the Gettier paradigm。

Finally，Social bet with bet365 also contributes to the construction of an bet with bet365 academic system with Chinese characteristics、The discourse system provides a feasible path。Whether it is in the Chinese philosophical tradition or in the daily context of Chinese，The definition and understanding of the concept of "knowledge" will never be based solely on truth、Faith、Cognitive justification and other themes of the Gettier paradigm，Always communicate with the real information in social relationships、Differences and group beliefs and attitudes remain doctrinally connected。This is particularly evident in the development of modern Chinese philosophy。For example，Liang Qichao advocates that historical narrative is about the evolution of “groups”，And "group" refers to the social psychology or national spirit that exists as a whole；Zhang Taiyan、Sun Yat-sen is not concerned about individual beliefs and attitudes in the issue of the relationship between knowledge and action，It is group knowledge and beliefs that can lead to revolutionary action；Feng Qi discusses the debate between the group and himself on bet with bet365，The contradictory thinking movement that summarizes the differences of opinion in the group as "unanimous and thoughtful"... These are all in the same academic discourse context as the current academic circles' efforts to advocate "broad bet with bet365" and "thick bet with bet365"。

This may indicate，Philosophical thinking in the Chinese context has a relatively sensitive grasp of social epistemological issues。As long as we continue to promote the cross-integration of bet with bet365 and social sciences，Adhere to the combination of applied research in bet with bet365 and pure theoretical research，Realizing the creative transformation and innovative development of China’s modern philosophical tradition，We have reason to look forward to，The Chinese discourse of bet with bet365 will make greater contributions to the development of social bet with bet365。

　　(Author’s unit: Department of bet with bet365, East China Normal University)