Edmund Gettier in "Is Justified True Belief bet365 ohio promo code?"？》The article subverts the "three-dimensional definition" of traditional bet365 ohio promo code with an exquisitely conceived counterexample，Point out that even if "justified-true-belief" is satisfied at the same time, it may not be true bet365 ohio promo code。Since the 20th century，The bet365 ohio promo code theory covering thinking on this issue has undergone multiple stages of formal evolution，The conditions of bet365 ohio promo code and the confirmation of beliefs have become one of the focus issues of contemporary philosophy。

Traditional bet365 ohio promo code theory is not only threatened by skepticism，And facing the problem of backdating argument。Fundamentalism takes self-evident sensory experience as the foundation of the building of bet365 ohio promo code and defends beliefs through "sense data"，bet365 ohio promo code is confirmed by the interpretation of what is given，Taking "sense data" as the starting point for understanding material objects。So，The self-justification of perceptual beliefs plays a special cognitive role in contemporary epistemology as a non-inferential confirmation。Perceptual beliefs obtained through introspection are direct and infallible，The self-validation of basic beliefs does not depend on other beliefs and has the characteristics of cognitive independence，Thus independent in bet365 ohio promo code、Reliable status。However，In this sense，Basic beliefs also exhibit "uncorrectable characteristics"，Unable to explain how to transition from a "so infallible" belief to other beliefs，This raises the question of “whether the ‘given’ in experience really originates from the subject’s perceptual experience”。

Also appeal to inner state of mind，The confirmation method of overall consistency between beliefs cancels the difference in belief level。Coherentism emphasizes the observational requirement of bet365 ohio promo code，That is, the ability to continuously absorb new content and belief systems that are consistent with independent external reality，Thereby providing the most basic reasons for our beliefs to be "true"。Seeking reasons for understanding objects using “best explanation reasoning”，Another step forward in explaining "other state of mind"。“Consistent” can be understood as “implied consistency”，Can also be understood as "consistent interpretation"，Both highlight the subject’s grasp of cognitive facts。However，This approach still appeals to other beliefs，The disadvantage is that it requires support only within the belief system，The unconfirmed methods within the system once again lead to a whirlpool of skepticism。At the same time，The extreme pursuit of consistency involves circular reasoning，Implicitly expressed that the premise of confirmation is "itself must have been confirmed", that is, the process of confirmation is not carried out independently。

thereafter，Use the overall belief system as the background、The explanation of inferential relations between beliefs arises as a justification for consistentism，The coherence of the whole is reflected in the fact that the interconnection between beliefs is confirmed by their subordination。Quine called it the “web of belief”，Highlighting their mutually supporting and interconnected network structure。Such a belief structure does not have any privileged beliefs within the system，There is no distinction between superior and inferior beliefs。Logical consistency is the core of coherence，The problem is if the subject only seeks consistency and places beliefs within a closed system，Choose between consistent but incompatible belief systems，Then all internal justification of beliefs seems to have no rational basis，Just making random choices within the same coherent system。Consistentists cannot give a definite answer when faced with the torture of "independent justification objection" and "diversity objection"。Fundamentalism and consistencyism are enriched in attempts to solve the confirmation problem、While developing bet365 ohio promo code theory，Exposing the shortcomings of traditional empirical bet365 ohio promo code that cannot be cured by itself。Therefore，Contemporary bet365 ohio promo code theory abandons the traditional approach of confirming solely from the inner mental state，Turn to the “outside” for reliable guarantee。

Externalists point out，bet365 ohio promo code is generated by “reliable” cognitive abilities，A belief is confirmed and becomes bet365 ohio promo code，If and only if the belief arises from the subject’s reliable cognitive process or cognitive mechanism。This condition can be understood in many ways，For example, "guaranteed belief", "cognitive rationality", "logically appropriate", "reliable method", etc.。Errors may occur in both perception and reasoning，The foundation of cognition lies in grasping the relationship between mind and objects，not the object itself。Cognition is to explain how the subject forms a certain concept about existence。Reliabilism of causal theories appeals to the process of belief formation，Propose that the confirmation of belief is achieved by the causal connection between the "believed" fact and the belief，The mind reaches the perception of the external world in a certain direction，The condition of bet365 ohio promo code is converted into whether the object of inquiry and the mind are in an appropriate causal relationship。Visible，Reliabilism does not completely exclude the confirmation method of traditional bet365 ohio promo code，Causation is still a cognitive process that makes faith face the external world，Solution to the problem of object and mind conversion。This method of confirmation has gradually become the paradigm for the confirmation of externalist bet365 ohio promo code theory。

　For faith，This pattern can be explained through scientific methods，Observation experiments produce virtual conditions for “facts”。Among them，Introspection and perception are the most representative cognitive associations，Also two main ways of confirmation。Beliefs are confirmed through the process of association and then become bet365 ohio promo code。The "reliable theory of cause and effect" and the "law-like connection" essentially support: there is a certain correlation between the belief state and the conditions for its confirmation。However，If only the causal relationship is transformed into perception、Non-inferential bet365 ohio promo code such as introspection，A process of belief in particularity has countless different degrees of reliability，Reliability theory is difficult to give a clear definition of "which process is the most reliable"。To solve this problem，There are different versions of the improved theory of reliabilism，Usually start from the two aspects of belief formation sequence and formation method，Shows the reliability of the cognitive process and the unique theoretical advantage of "non-self-evident proof"。

In the process of mutual debate between internalism and externalism of bet365 ohio promo code，People generally take de-Gettierization as the theoretical goal，This resolves the confirmation contradiction between skepticism and traditional bet365 ohio promo code theory to a certain extent。However，This is another very serious misunderstanding of the relationship between the confirmation of bet365 ohio promo code and "truth"，So much so that later there were confirmation methods that directly or in disguise adopted "simple rules"。Among them。Bayes’ law is a probabilistic confirmation model of belief，Its basic role is to act as a bridge between subjectivity and objectivity to achieve "truth" as a theoretical way to become bet365 ohio promo code，Use behavior as a way to observe the mind。When new evidence emerges，Conditional theorem can continuously adjust the degree of belief through the probability of non-inference and evidential conditional reasoning，Provide a reliable philosophical analysis of subjective probability with a simple confirmation model that measures belief degree，Use Bayes’ theorem to further explain when obtaining new data changes the cognitive situation。This approach breaks the traditional model of belief justification，Modified the form of static analysis while satisfying personal belief and probability，Problems of bet365 ohio promo code and confirmation resort to confirmation of non-belief reasons，It can be said to be a shining point in the development of modern and contemporary bet365 ohio promo code theory。

The second half of the 20th century，Analytical philosophy focuses on the problem of bet365 ohio promo code verification from a pluralistic and dynamic perspective，Putting criticism directly at sensory experience that has long been regarded as the basis of bet365 ohio promo code。Neo-pragmatists call it “the myth of the given”，Reveal the paradoxes contained in sensory data and related theories with rigorous arguments。"Psychological nominalism" opposes traditional empirical bet365 ohio promo code, which regards "non-inferential" experience content as the basis of bet365 ohio promo code and determines our final judgment on the world。As a rational subject，“We” act with reasons，Become a unique composition of nature，Mind、Language and the world are related to each other in inferential practical activities，The conceptual realism presented shows the social and normative turn of bet365 ohio promo code with its unique theoretical advantages，The era effect it produced has a landmark status。

Human beings’ acquisition of bet365 ohio promo code is an extremely complex construction of mental activities。Contemporary philosophical thinking on the Gettier issue covers cutting-edge theoretical results in natural sciences and social sciences，Provides a more systematic solution to the problem of bet365 ohio promo code verification、Exquisite interpretation。Theoretical results will have an important impact on many fields of human society。

　　(Author’s unit: School bet365 ohio promo code, Taiyuan Normal University)