The problem of other minds is the philosophy of mind、Important Issues in the Philosophy of Psychology and Cognitive Science。The core of the problem of other minds is the problem of inter-subjective psychological reading，That is, how the simulator explains、Understanding、Predict the target’s psychological activities、Purpose of behavior。Popular psychology provides two solutions: bet365 voucher and theory theory，And interpret other people’s mind reading as: offline using imagination、Disguised simulation；Using psychological theory、Knowledge、Terms for reasoning。Naturalization of consciousness、Phenomenological neuralization is an emerging research trend in recent years。The discovery of mirror neurons in neuroscience，Considered to support the bet365 voucher。However, the experimental concept of bet365 voucher also faces incomplete results caused by experimental ethics、Behavior prediction and behavior understanding may not be consistent, etc.，And the various differences between the human brain and the brains of other primates，Suggesting that his mental understanding requires cognitive systems other than mirror neurons。Therefore，Mirror neurons do not completely prove bet365 voucher，Sustainable improvement of corresponding experiments，bet365 voucher may also move towards some kind of hybrid approach。

　　bet365 voucher approach and its dilemma

Scholars who support bet365 voucher include Gordon (Robert M. Gordon）、Goldman (Alvin I. Goldman）、Vittorio Gallese et al，The core of its theory is，One does not need to understand or utilize any psychological laws，Just imagine yourself in the situation of the person being simulated，Acquire the psychological state of others through empathy，Experience the psychological feelings of others。The mental simulation process can be divided into four steps。One is seen by the simulator、Perceive or imagine the target’s actions and related situations。The second is that the simulator adopts the perspective of the target and produces the corresponding disguised psychological state。The third is that the simulator outputs the input disguised mental state into a certain mental state，Sent to Behavioral Explanation and Prediction System。The fourth is to report to the belief box through behavioral explanation and prediction system。From this，The simulator has completed projecting the corresponding mental state to others，In this way, you can learn the psychological state of others。

Although bet365 voucher is mainstream，But it has also been criticized by theoretical theory，And also face the challenge of other people’s problems。The theoretical core of the theory is，Humans need to acquire and deploy common sense theory of mind，Complete psychological reading through reasoning。Theoretically believed，The "simulation" advocated by bet365 voucher requires knowledge about the simulated object to be driven，This knowledge has a theory-like form，That is, the simulation must use a series of psychological knowledge、Psychological Theory。Therefore，If the theory is correct，bet365 voucher is wrong，The understanding of other minds requires compliance with a wide range of psychological folk theories，rather than relying on empathy。

　　Discovery of bet365 voucher

bet365 voucher are essentially sensory-motor neurons，First discovered in the mid-1990s in the ventral premotor cortex (the F5 area of ​​the brain) in macaques。Mirroring is when an actor performs an action and observes other macaques performing similar actions，The same discharge phenomenon will occur，This mapping process is interpreted as the basis of psychological reading。Successor scholars vs. monkey、Rat、EEG observation experiments on birds and other animals，all reveal this mirror reaction。

Experimental performance such as: monkeys taking bananas by themselves and observing other monkeys taking bananas、When a monkey sees another monkey tearing paper and hears another monkey tearing paper，Produces the same discharge phenomenon；When a monkey grasps two pliers that open and close in opposite directions，Although the pliers are used in the opposite direction，But because they all perform grasping actions，The same discharge phenomenon also occurs。Neurons in the anterior cingulate ACC (area 24) of experimental rats，When a mouse experiences laser-triggered pain and witnesses another mouse suffering from foot tremors，will produce similar neural responses，That is, rats have bet365 voucher that can feel similar painful emotions。Birds exist in the brain through the processing of auditory-sound mirror images，Mirror neuron system that produces empathy。If you sing to birds、Singing voice recording and playback，Birds can distinguish and respond electrically to similar sounds，And eliminate noise interference，Has the activity of sound-modulated HVC neurons；Can imitate “songs”，For example, male birds can imitate the "singing sounds" of their competitors。

The academic community combines the analogy between the human brain and the monkey brain in the bet365 voucher of evolution，Adopt TMS、PET、Non-invasive brain imaging technologies such as fMRI，Proof that there is a mirror neuron system in the human brain。The human brain and the monkey brain play different functions in brain structure and different brain areas，And they are similar in terms of collaboration。Mirror neurons are evenly distributed in the brain，While observing and executing target actions，Similar neural activation will occur。Like Jackson (Philip L. Jackson) Research finds that pictures can cause pain reactions in humans；Bruno Wicker’s research on odor and disgust，Pictures of odor and pain as emotion-inducing elements，The subject smells the odor、When receiving electrode sting and observing related pictures，Anterior cingulate gyrus of human brain，Similar activities occur in the anterior insula and cerebellum。This shows that the human brain has the ability to empathize。

　　bet365 voucher evidence and its incompleteness

From the theoretical explanation of Galese, a representative figure of bet365 voucher，And the logical similarity between the experimental program and the simulation process，Mirror neurons can be deduced as evidence for bet365 voucher。He thinks，The mirror function may be part or precursor of a more general mind-reading function。When an individual makes an action，Ability to predict action results。From a genetic perspective，Utilizing the self-organizing function of the motion system，Observing actions triggers mirror neuron activity，This activity corresponds to the neural activity that is generated internally when performing an action and represents a certain action，The similarity between the two body representations enables the meaning of the actions performed by the individual to be recognized。

There are four key points in the experimental program。First, when the subject animal performs and observes the behavior of the target object，Neurons are activated to generate current，Then the neuron responds to the target behavior。Second, the subject animal performs and observes the target action，The discharge effect is the same，The similarity of body representation，Indicates that we have a similar experience to the target object。Third, the animals were tested under two conditions: visible and audible and only audible，The firing effect of neurons is the same，Then the neuron’s bet365 voucher of the target behavior has the function of associative analogy。The fourth is that the neurons of the subject animals produce the same discharge effect for the same intention but different specific behaviors，The neurons understand the same intention behind the behavior。

bet365 voucher is actually psychological simulation，is mobile offline。Mirror neurons support the mirror mechanism，Connecting perceptions and actions between experimental subjects，And make the imitator produce the same emotional feelings and conscious experiences as the target object。Visible，There is consistency between the experimental program and the similarity of physical representations and the similarity of psychological feelings emphasized by the psychological simulation process of bet365 voucher，Aware of imitators、The comparison of executing the target object's actions is logically consistent。

Although mirror neurons have highly plastic sensorimotor circuits，But faced difficulties in specific experiments。Function of mirror neurons，And whether it is the neural basis of his mental understanding，Still controversial。Refer to the research of Gregory Hickok，The classic doubt can be summarized as: the results caused by experimental ethics are incomplete，Behavior prediction and behavior understanding may not be consistent，The differences between primate brains and human brains suggest that mental understanding requires cognitive systems other than mirror neurons。The specific performance is as follows: when a large number of neuronal activities in the human brain are detected，Unable to determine the activity of individual neurons，It is not possible to insert electrodes into human brain tissue for this purpose。Mirror neurons are suspected to have imitation functions，But it does not have action understanding function。Successful prediction of actions does not mean grasping the meaning of actions；Similarity of physical representations does not seem to guarantee similarity of mental states。Is the firing of neurons just "neural activation" caused by sensory stimulation？If mirror resonance is mind reading、Empathy、Basics of social cognition，Why don’t monkeys pass large amounts like humans、Frequent imitation makes you wiser？How mirror neurons know which action is to be "imitated"？Visible，Mirror neurons support but do not prove bet365 voucher。

　Towards a hybrid approach to bet365 voucher

Simulation is an important way to understand his heart，But pure bet365 voucher should not be the only approach。Goldman’s distinction between low-level imitation and high-level imitation，In fact, it proves that the simulation process and reading other minds require mental activities、Participation of reasoning ability。and，Imagination emphasized by bet365 voucher is also a form of reasoning。Difficulties encountered by bet365 voucher，Experimental data cannot explain the dilemma of "understanding" his intentions，And the later turn of Goldman’s theory can be seen，bet365 voucher will move toward a hybrid approach that is integrated with theoretical theory，That is, in the process of simulating the projection of other minds，Add reasoning and speculation。

As for the experiment on mirror neurons，The certain consensus we can reach is，The more accurate the simulation, the mirroring process、The more obvious the mirroring mechanism is，Behaviors with high difficulty levels require conscious participation to achieve imitation。Simulation accuracy issues for mirror neuron experiments、The problem of consistency between actions and mental states、The accidental problem of mirror reaction，The experimental design of mirror neurons can be improved as follows。First, choose familiarity、Experimental subjects with different similarities，Imitative behavior that is novel to the imitator。If different countries、race of humans；Domestic and wild animals。The second is to make the experimental scene closer to daily situations，Measuring the interaction of test subjects。Measuring three pairs of multiple groups of completely unrelated behaviors。The fourth is to conduct controlled experiments on behaviors of different difficulties，If the distinctive feature is embodiment、Action with strong physical and social significance。The fifth is to combine EEG and language data。Mirror neurons provide partial support for bet365 voucher，But bet365 voucher has to get out of its own predicament，The hybrid approach is an inevitable trend。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 voucher, Renmin University of China)