The Qing Dynasty claimed to have conquered the world with "bows, horses, riding and shooting"，Therefore the rulers attach great importance to the construction and management of the official bet365 best casino games system。The purpose is to maintain the Manchu tradition of riding, archery and martial arts，Also hope to maintain a combat-effective armed force，Maintain effective rule over a vast territory and a unified multi-ethnic country。The official horses of the Qing Dynasty were widely used in war、Transportation、Tuntian、Trade and ceremonial celebrations, etc.，plays an irreplaceable role。As a royal reading、Yiling、Xingwei、Eight Banners official horses used for patrols and missions in each battalion of the Eight Banners，Is an important part of the bet365 best casino games administration in the Qing Dynasty，Concentrated reflection of the changes in the bet365 best casino games administration system。

　　bet365 best casino games supported by national funds

The Jurchens, the predecessors of Manchuria, have lived among the white mountains and black waters of the Northeast for a long time，The production method is hunting and fishing，The Eight Banners system is a military and political system established by Nurhaci based on the social organization of the Jurchens who went out to hunt。Volume 2 of "Records of Taizu of the Qing Dynasty": "The Manchus went hunting，At the beginning of the siege，An arrow each，Ten people neutralize one general，Walking with nine people，In each direction，No confusion，This general is called Niulu Ezhen。”All adult men within the Eight Banners must participate in combat during wartime，Continue to engage in the original occupation during normal times，People at that time called it "going out is a soldier"，If you join, you will serve the people”。Equipment required for officers and soldiers to participate in battle，Like a bet365 best casino games、Armor、Weapons, etc. are all provided by individuals。Before entering customs，Later Jin Dynasty (Qing Dynasty) had not yet established a mature bet365 best casino games administration system，Horses are basically fed privately by officers and soldiers，commonly known as "tethering"，The individual is solely responsible for the raising of the bet365 best casino games、Training、Costs for treatment and supplementation。Among them，The biggest item is fodder expenditure，A war bet365 best casino games’s monthly food expenditure alone is close to that of an adult，It is indeed a big expense。

After entering customs，Due to the continuous expansion of the scale of war and the territory of rule，The amount of horses used also increased greatly，To ensure the supply of horses，The Qing government began to establish an institutionalized bet365 best casino games administration system。The Eight Banners official bet365 best casino games system was established to meet the needs of horses for royal ceremonial celebrations and military marches。Given that the previous method of relying solely on personal feeding for horses was no longer able to meet their needs，The Qing government began to use the power of state finance to provide support for the Eight Banners official and bet365 best casino games system，Established the "Chu Qing" and "Magan Silver" (also known as Magan Silver) systems。出青，That is, every year, some of the Eight Banners official horses from the capital are rushed to the Chahar area outside the mouth around the beginning of summer and handed over to local herdsmen for grazing，After the frost, rush back to the capital and hand it over to the soldiers to feed them in individual troughs，About half a year，The purpose is to use the excellent local natural pastures to reduce the cost of fodder for the Eight Banners horses in the capital。In the meantime，The imperial court will allocate special funds for the feeding and supervision of horses along the way and outside the port，Guarantee that the official bet365 best casino games will successfully complete its youth。And within half a year of personal feeding，The imperial court issued bet365 best casino games-raising officers and soldiers bet365 best casino games dry silver at an amount of three taels per bet365 best casino games per month，Inner-collared beans、Four buckets of rice，Eight coins and seven cents of silver，Earned two taels, one cent and three cents of silver。Ma Ganyin is an economic subsidy provided by the imperial court to officers and soldiers who raise horses，The purpose is to encourage it to feed with all its heart，To ensure a sufficient number of official horses、Fat and strong。

　　Choice of bet365 best casino games methods

Qing Dynasty，The main ingredients used to feed horses are black beans，Therefore, its price fluctuations will directly affect the stability of the official bet365 best casino games system。Early Qing Dynasty，Eight Banners official horses are mostly tied up by individuals，The price of black beans is also lower，In the capital area, each stone costs about seven yuan，Three taels of bet365 best casino games dry silver, in addition to covering the necessary monthly expenses for raising horses，There will still be some remaining，This part of the bet365 best casino games stem silver will naturally belong to the officers and soldiers who raise the horses personally，Become a kind of "hidden income"，The imperial court also acquiesced to this。Normally，Each person raises more than one official bet365 best casino games，Making a lot of profit every month from Magan Silver alone，Therefore, individuals are more motivated to raise horses。From the beginning of the Qianlong Dynasty，The price of black beans in Beijing continues to rise，Maintained at around one tael per stone for a long time，This has had a big impact on the Eight Banners official and bet365 best casino games system based on Ma Ganyin。First，Due to the gradual differentiation within the banner，The life of many lower-level Eight Banners officers and soldiers during the Qianlong period was very difficult，The continued rise in bean prices has greatly damaged the enthusiasm of poor soldiers to raise horses，Resulting in the phenomenon of misappropriating bet365 best casino games stems to subsidize the family's income.。Secondly，Bean prices rise but the amount of horseradish remains the same，Invisibly reduces the hidden income from raising horses，Some officers and soldiers still hope to make profits from it，Then the intention was to embezzle and deduct bet365 best casino games stems，Making the already insufficient bet365 best casino games trunks even more stretched。The official bet365 best casino games is tired and thin due to lack of fodder，Unbearable to call。

　The twenty-eighth year of Qianlong (1763)，Aiming at the dispersed living conditions of tethered officers and soldiers，It is difficult for each member to check regularly，As a result, the bet365 best casino games is empty on weekdays，In case of trouble, it is difficult to summon the horses，Capital Shu Hede petitioned each banner to establish official circles，200 horses per flag in Manchuria，100 horses per Mongolian flag，Each bet365 best casino games receives rice and beans on a monthly basis，Deduct payments from Magan Yin。Hope to reduce the cost of raising horses through centralized and unified feeding of each flag，And dispatch commissioners to supervise and manage to prevent the embezzlement and deduction of bet365 best casino games trunks，Reduce the impact of rising bean prices。The beginning of establishing the circle，Due to strict inspection，The disadvantages of officialdom and horses have been curbed to a certain extent。The 39th year of Qianlong，The Eight Banners adds another 2,400 horses，The total number reaches 4800。But because the contradiction between the increase in bean prices and the fixed amount of horseradish has not been resolved，The doubling of the number of officials and horses has led to an increase in the difficulty of inspection and the gradual relaxation of supervision，The problem of bet365 best casino games shortage will appear again soon，Making the system of bet365 best casino games trapping unsustainable，Had to be abolished in the 59th year of Qianlong。Although the imperial court resumed captivity again in the twelfth year of Jiaqing (1807)，But in addition to increasing the number of inspection personnel and inspection frequency，Other aspects copied the old Qianlong system，No targeted reforms have been made，The circle bet365 best casino games soon embarked on the old path of "producing disadvantages over time"。Horses raised in each pen，Fat points vary from fat to thin，Most people are difficult to use effectively。The bet365 best casino games racing system is still "just in name" despite the huge investment of manpower and financial resources，Emperor Daoguang adheres to the concept of "returning to simplicity"，Abolish all horses in the circle，Restored tethering with simpler procedures，Always used from now on。

　　Recruitment and use of official bet365 best casino games

In various royal activities，The most commonly used official bet365 best casino games of the Eight Banners is "Mulan Qiuyi"。After entering customs，The Qing government attached great importance to maintaining the Manchu tradition of riding, shooting and martial arts，I am very worried that the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners will lose their brave and fighting character because of their indulgence in pleasure。Shunzhi Period，Prince Regent Dorgon warned not to abandon riding and shooting just because the world is peaceful，Still diligent in practicing bow and bet365 best casino games。After Shunzhi took office，Establish Nanyuan in the southern suburbs of Beijing as a royal forbidden area，Organize officers and soldiers to go here to conduct military lectures，Hope to maintain the old Manchu customs through the annual "Nanyuan Excursion"。Kangxi carried forward his father’s practice，The vast Mulan Paddock has been established in Outer Mongolia，A dedicated paddock for royal marching exercises。Since the establishment of Mulan Paddock，Kangxi held a procession almost every year。Qianlong also besieged 39 times during his reign，The number of official horses called each time is around 15,000，The scale is very large。In addition，Previous royal parades during the Kangxi and Qianlong periods、Ongoing trips to Jiangnan and east to Shengjing，The officials and horses of the Eight Banners also played an indispensable role。

Clearance regulations，Whenever called upon，The imperial court will consider the number of followers，Each member will be given one or two to four or five Eight Banners official horses。A red slip will be issued as proof of bet365 best casino games collection，The coat color of an official bet365 best casino games、Speech、Owner’s name、Basic information on flag classification。Period of use，Riders must be carefully fed and protected，When the mission is over and I return to Beijing，The original bet365 best casino games must be returned to the original owner。If anyone falls down，Cut off the bet365 best casino games’s ears and tail，After submission and acceptance，Allow it to be returned at a discount。Collect the bet365 best casino games、When the bet365 best casino games is handed over，All ministers are sent to inspect，To prevent cheating and replacement、Shoddy as good。Extension to Jiaqing period，Due to lax supervision by officials at all levels，Some officers and soldiers are only interested in profit，Any buy or sell red order，The system of handing over officials and horses gradually becomes a mere formality。Recorded in Volume 74 of "The Holy Scriptures of Qing Renzong"，During the siege of Jiaqing Dynasty，Some officers and soldiers “assumed that their mission was correct”，Selling the remaining horses at will，Make money and spend it，Discount the bet365 best casino games price when returning to Beijing，”“Causing philistines and traitors，In groups，Friends with the camp，Trying to buy red orders，Profit and share fertilizer，Lots of disadvantages”。After the bet365 best casino games dealer purchased the red slip，Choose a good bet365 best casino games，Fake receipt and sale，As a result, the number of official horses is decreasing，All good horses go to bet365 best casino games dealers。Tenth year of Jiaqing，The infantry commander’s office uncovered two cases of private sales of red orders，Learned after trial，For private sale red orders，Officers and soldiers of various banners are rushing to follow suit，Already regarded as commonplace，The disadvantages are getting worse over time，Difficult to eliminate。Due to the many shortcomings of the Eight Banners official and bet365 best casino games system，Making Jiaqing’s journey increasingly difficult。Although Jiaqing, which advertises itself as "Shou Cheng", still attaches great importance to the ancestral system of Mulan Xingwei，Overcame many difficulties and traveled 11 times，But the scale is no longer the same as that of the Kangxi and Qianlong periods。

At the time of Daoguang，It has been nearly 200 years since the Qing Dynasty entered the customs，Even though the imperial court repeatedly warned the Eight Banners officers and soldiers to maintain the old custom of riding and shooting，But it still cannot stop the loss of Manchu martial tradition。The fourth year of Daoguang (1824)，The imperial court issued an order to suspend Mulan’s siege，Although the matter of siege was mentioned again many times after that，But in the end Daoguang never really implemented it。Afterwards，The Qing Dynasty faced internal and external troubles，The situation is more turbulent，Not only has the "Mulan Qiuhu" system that lasted for hundreds of years been abolished，Other royal tours and martial arts activities are also decreasing。The 23rd year of Daoguang，In order to reduce the funds for bet365 best casino games administration to supplement military pay，The Qing government reduced the number of officials and horses in the Eight Banners by half，Only more than 4,000 horses remain。In addition to fulfilling daily duties, the Eight Banners officers and horses，It is difficult to play other roles，The Eight Banners official and bet365 best casino games system is gradually withdrawing from the stage of history。

　　(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 best casino games, Renmin University of China)