The Qing Dynasty claimed to be the world with "bow horses"，Therefore, the ruler attaches great importance to the construction and management of the official horses system。Its purpose is to maintain the tradition of maintaining Manchuria riding and shooting monk Wu，I also hope to maintain a combat effective armed force，Maintain effective rule for the vast territory and unified multi -ethnic countries。The official horses of the Qing Dynasty were widely used in war、Traffic、Tuntian、Trade and etiquette celebrations，In it, it plays an irreplaceable role。As a royal family reading、Lingling、Walking、Eight Banners Horse, which is used in the volatile operations of Xing Xing and Eight Banners，It is an important part of Ma Zheng in the Qing Dynasty，Concentrated reflects the changes of the horse government system。

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The predecessor of the Manchurian real woman in Manchuria has long lived between Baishan Black Water in the Northeast，The production method is hunting and fishing，The Eight Banner System is a military and political system established by Nurhachi based on the social organization of a female real person to hunt。"Qing Taizu Records" Volume 2 Langles: "Manchuria people hunt，On the occasion of Kaiwei，One branches of arrows，Ten people stand up to one consider，It belongs to nine people，Direction of each photo，Do not mess up，This chief calls Niu Lu Erzhen。"All adult men in the eight flags must participate in combat during wars，Usually continue to engage in the original occupation，When people say, "Out of it is the soldier，Entry is the people "。Equipment required for officers and soldiers to participate in the war，Ruma、Armor、Weapons, etc. are self -provided by individuals。Before entering the customs，Hou Jin (Qing) has not yet established a mature Bet365 lotto review horse political system，Horse is basically fed by officers and soldiers，commonly known as "tie recuperation"，Individual is completely responsible for horses' breeding、Training、Treatment and supplementary costs。Where，The biggest item is forage expenditure，A war horse is close to the food cost of a adult every month.，It is indeed a small expense。

After entering the customs，Due to the continuous expansion of the scale of the war and the continuous expansion of the region of the rule，The use of horses also increases greatly，To ensure horses supply，The Qing court began to establish a system of institutionalized horse political management system。The eight -flag official horse system is set up to solve the needs of the royal etiquette celebration and marching martial arts.。In view of the way that horses rely only on personal feeding, it is difficult to meet the needs，The Qing court began to use the power of national finance to support the eight flag official and horse system，Establishment of "Out of Qing" and "Magan Bank" (also known as Ma Qianyin)。Green，That is, every year, the eight -flag official horses of the Beijing Division rushed to the Charlie area outside the mouth of the Charlie in Local herdsmen，After frost, rush back to Beijing to hand in the Bingding Personal Tank Feeding，Time is about half a year，The purpose is to use the local excellent natural grassland to reduce the costume of the eight flag horses in Beijing。Intera，The court will allocate special funds for the feeding and supervision of horses along the way and outside the mouth，Guaranteed official horse to complete the green。within half a year of personal feeding，The court will send it to the raising officials and soldiers to dry the silver，Inner collar Doudou、Mi Four Dou，Folding silver eight money and seven points，Two -two dollars of solid silver two -point。Ma Qianyin is an economic subsidy of the court's officers and soldiers in the court，The purpose is to promote it with hard work，With bet365 Play online games sufficient number of official horses、膘 fat body strong。

　　Decoration of feeding methods

Qing Dynasty，The ingredients used in the horses are mainly black beans，Therefore, the fluctuation of its price will directly affect the stability of the official horse system。early Qing Dynasty，Eight Banner official Mado is tied to individual，The price of black beans is also lower，Each stone in the capital area is about seven money，In addition to paying the necessary expenditure for monthly horses，There will still be some remaining，This part of Ma Qianyin naturally belongs to the person and soldiers of the horse officers and soldiers，Become a "hidden income"，The court also defaults to this。Usually，There are more than one horse raised by each person，It is quite profitable from the one of Magnathea every month，Therefore, personal enthusiasm for raising horses。From the Qianlong Dynasty，The price of black beans in Beijing continues to rise，Maintain around one or two per stone for a long time，This is a lot of impact on the eight -flag officer and horse system based on Malaysia and silver。First，Due to the gradual differentiation in the flag，Many lower eight -flag officers and soldiers during the Qianlong period were very difficult，and the continuous rise of beans price to a large extent damaged the enthusiasm of the poor soldiers Ding Jianma，The phenomenon that caused it to embezzle the household subsidies is endless。Next，The price of soybeans rises and the amount of Malaysia is still，reduced the hidden income of raising horses in the invisible，Some officers and soldiers still want to make a profit from it，Then the meaning of invading and deducting Ma Qian，Make the unsuccessful horse dry is more stretched。The official horse is fatigue and thin due to insufficient forage，Unbearable call。

In the 28th year of Qianlong (1763)，Disposal for the tie -rated officers and soldiers，It is difficult for each member to check it frequently，As a weekly bet365 Play online games air -collar horse，The horses call a difficult situation when the accident is in trouble，Dushuhard played the official circle of each flag，200 horsepower per flag of Manzhou，Mongolia 100 Her flag，Each horse receives rice beans monthly，Deducting the support in the Magnan silver。I hope to reduce the cost of raising horses through the concentrated feeding of each flag，and send a specialist to supervise and manage to eliminate the disadvantages of swallowing and swallowing the deduction，Reduce the impact of rising soybean prices。At the beginning of the circle，Due to strict inspection，The disadvantages of the official horse are contained to a certain extent。Qianlong thirty -nine years，Eight Banner adds a circle of 2400 horses，Total number of 4800 hp。But because there is no contradiction between the increase in soybean prices and the fixed amount of Malaysia,，After double the number of officials and horses, the difficulty of inspection and the gradual relaxation of the difficulty of inspection and regulation，The problem of a horse deficiency loss soon appears again，It has caused the circle of horses to be unsustainable，It has to be abolished in the 59th year of Qianlong。Although the court of the 12th year of Jiaqing (1807), the court recovered again，But in addition to increasing the inspection personnel and the frequency of inspection，Other aspects have copied Qianlong Old System，I did not make targeted reforms，The circle horse soon embarked on the old road of "longevity of the day"。Horses raised in each circle，膘 膘 不 不，Most of those who are difficult to use。In the face of a large number of manpower and financial resources, the "name of its name" is still "named"，Daoguang Emperor adheres to the concept of "returning simple"，All of the horses of the circle，Restarting the program is easier to raise，Always use it after always use。

　　The transfer and use of the official horse

In various royal activities，Eight Banner's most useful use is "Mulan Autumn"。After entering the customs，bet365 Play online games The Qing court attaches great importance to maintaining the tradition of Manchuria riding and shooting.，I am very worried that the Eight Banner officers and soldiers have lost their brave and martial arts personality due to the delay of enjoyment。Shunzhi period，Regent Wang Doru warned that it should not be abandoned and shooting because of the peace of the world，Still diligent in practicing bow horses。After the pro -government of Shunzhi，Display Nanyuan in the southern suburbs of Beijing as the Royal Forbidden Land，Organization officers and soldiers go here to talk about martial arts，I hope to maintain the old customs of Manchuria with the "Nanyuan Xingwei" once a year。Kangxi carried forward his father's approach，Established a vast Magnolia Petrait in the Mongolian area，Special enclosure as a royal marching martial arts。After the establishment of a Mulan encirclement，Kangxi holds a siege almost every year。Qianlong also surrounded 39 times，The number of official horses called each time is about 15,000 pents，The scale is very vast。In addition，Rearly reading in the royal family during the Kanggan period、Xiajiangnan and East Tour Shengjing activities，Eight Banner's official horses also play an indispensable role。

System Regulations，Every time you encounter a transfer，The imperial court will see the more people from the poor，It is divided into all eight flag officers, one, two horses to four or five horsepower。Another will be issued to the red single as the certificate of the horse，There are official horses from the hairy color、mouth、During use、Basic information such as the flag division。During use，Rider must carefully feed and protect，When the task is ended to return to Beijing，Must return the original horse back to the original owner。If you have it down，Cut off the Malta and the ponytail，After submitting acceptance and acceptance，Alphaed its discount back。Collection of horses、When you are in the horse，All bet365 Play online games ministers are sent to supervision，To prevent stealing beams to change columns、Charged with this time。Extended to Jiaqing Time，Due to the poor supervision of officials at all levels，Some officers and soldiers are profitable.，Any red list，The system of official horses and horses gradually flows in form。"Qing Renzong Shengxun" Volume 74 records，When the Jiaqing dynasty siege，Some officers and soldiers "Self -difference can make it correct，Hui Ma will be sold at will，Make money spending，Fold the horse price when returning to Beijing，"" As a result of the city's rape，Three and 50 % group，Follow -up friends，Try to buy red orders，Effective division of fertilizer，Faculture "。After the horse dealer purchases the red order，Select a good horse，Counter -collar sales，To the number of official horses, the number is small，And the good horse belongs to the horse dealer。Jiaqing Ten Years，The Square Leader of the Army seized two cases of private red orders，Know after the trial，For the private sale of red list，Each flag officer and soldiers are fighting against it，Already deemed to be common，Deep in the day of the day，It is difficult to eliminate。Due to the disadvantages of the Eight Banner's official and horse system，Makes Jiaqing's dynasties increasingly difficult。Jiaqing, which is advertised as "Shoucheng", still attaches great importance to the ancestral system of Mulan Xingwei，Overcoming many difficulties 11 times，But the scale is no longer the same as the Kanggan period。

To Daoguang，The Qing Dynasty has been entering the customs for nearly 200 years，Even if the court repeatedly warned the eight flag officers and soldiers to keep the old customs，But still cannot stop the lost tradition of Manchuria in Manchuria。Daoguang Four years (1824)，The court promulgated the decree to be temporarily eaten in Mulan，After repeatedly removing the siege，But the end of the road has not really been implemented。Bet365 lotto review Since then，The Qing Dynasty faced internal and external problems，The situation is even more turbulent，The "Magnolia Autumn" system that has continued for hundreds of years has been abolished，Other patrols and acting activities of the royal family are also decreasing。Twenty -three years of Daoguang，In order to reduce the funds of Ma Zheng to fill up the soldiers，The Qing court reduced the number of eight flags officials by half，Only more than 4,000。Eight Banners officials except to meet daily differences，It is difficult to play other functions，The Eight Banners and Malaysia System gradually withdrawn from the historical stage。

　　(Author Unit: School of History of Renmin University of China)