In traditional political history、Social History and Economic History，The international academic community has conducted a detailed research on the negative effects of colonialism，The content includes the damage to the colonial traditional social structure and economic order、Social oppression suffered by the local people。Specific history of colonialism in Southeast Asia，Researchers mostly believe that European colonists have caused local socio -economic turmoil、Civilization breaks and social order disorders。From the perspective of environmental history，The resource development of European colonists in the colonies allows them to capture huge wealth，But at the cost of the local irreversible ecological deterioration。The environmental disaster caused by the Southeast Asian plantation model is a typical example evidence。

Emmanuel Wallestan thinks，After 16th century，European colonialism begins to expand，A global economic exchange network gradually forms，The center of this system in Europe，The colonies in the edge zone have served as the raw material site of a single -nature place for the center。Dang West Latin America Independence Movement is in full swing、Slave trade within the scope of the British Empire was abolished，UK, which has always coveted tropical products、France and the Netherlands began to retreat from the Americas，and extend the expansion tentacles to the tropical area of ​​Asia，Southeast Asia becomes the best capital investment venue。1830-1929，They have developed a brand new in the Southeast Asian colony、The agricultural production method characterized by the "single -planted Bet365 lotto review planting" is。This model enhances the attachment of the local economy to the international market，The relationship between people and nature gradually imbalance，Change the local original ecological structure。

First，From trade plundering to economic crops planting。The development of European colonists to the Southeast Asian colonial plantation，It means that from direct trade plunder to change to economy crops。After the Middle Ages，Western European capitalist production relations gradually replaced the feudal production method，The prosperity of the commodity economy continues to stimulate the city nobles and businessmen to find resources from the "mysterious Oriental"，Pepper、Cutmem and clove -based spice trade accounts for the core position of the early European and Southeast Asian trade relations。1513-1530，Only 30 tons of lilacs transported to Europe alone、About 10 tons，dominated the European market。According to Tom Pilson estimation，Portuguese's profit through maritime spice trade was as high as 260%，Even in the first half of the 16th century，The net profit of its pepper trade is between 89%and 152%。16th century，Southeast Asian pepper exports are 5000 tons，Most of them come from western Java、Central and eastern Malaya。After the 17th century，Netherlands、The British and French East Indian companies compete for a trade base in Southeast Asia，Try to monopolize spice trade。1621，Southeast Asian pepper imports in the European market rose to 7.2 million pounds。The 170th century，Only Sumatra's pepper to Europe reached 14 million pounds，The number of spices in Southeast Asian spices from 1670 to 1690 reached its peak again。

17th century，Britain and the Netherlands fiercely competing for the exclusive right of spice trade，Even the "Anwen tragedy"。This is essentially competing bet365 best casino games for the natural ecological space of Southeast Asia，Caused by the Southeast Asian Forest Destruction。The Dutch approach to "abolish the spice forest" method，In 1621, it was ordered to cut off all the spice trees on the Motujia Islands，To achieve the purpose of controlling production and trade in other islands。

In order to expand profits and meet the continuous demand of the European market，European colonists are no longer satisfied with direct plundering spice trade，Start trying planting and production locally，Southeast Asian colonial economic crops planting garden gradually rise。Starting in the mid -17th century，Dutch East India Company obtained a lot of cultivated land by supporting the administrator，In 1656, 120,000 meat cardamom trees forced indigenous people on Andan Island，and implement the centralized planting system on the island。British colonists in Minggu Luta take the method of obsessive planting，Order the indigenous man to eliminate the forest，Open the pepper garden，Planting and picking work is completed by women，1800 years，Southeast Asian pepper export volume has increased to 15,000 tons。other，Siam and Vietnam began to plant sucrose，Dutch East India Company introduced coffee into the Jingliwen of Java in 1707，Spanish colonists grow tobacco and sucrose in the Philippines。1830，Dutch East India Governor Graf Van Deng Bosh Boss re -implemented an obsessive planting system in Java，Java finally formed a private capital、Suaccharide planting system characterized by land and labor。22 European sucrose manufacturers signed a contract with the colonial government，Introduction to advanced production technology in Europe，The colonial government also restrains the local labor force on the public land as a labor contract。

2，From economic crops to commodity crops。After the middle of the 19th Bet365 lotto review century，Bet365 lotto review European and American capitalist industrial production and consumer market demand for commodities has increased sharply，plus the ship、An innovation of railway transportation methods，Stimulate Southeast Asian Plantance Gardens to enter the development climax。Although the production of pepper in Southeast Asia still increased in the 19th century，But by 1870，Lilac and Nermuni, which occupied the larger planting proportion in the early days, have been greatly reduced。Southeast Asian plantation at this time mainly provides perennial plants for the industrial capital market，Coconut、Coffee、Tea、Golden Chica、cocoa、Rubber and oil palm will become the main crops。As British economist William McLaren said，The production of spices from Europe to the East was still a "local industry"，This phenomenon has been completely attracted to the commodity replacement of the European capital economy after 1870。

From 1850，British sociologist Benjamin Kid、American geography scientist Elsworth Huntington has advocated that European colonists expand to tropical Southeast Asia。In order to prevent tropical epidemic disease, "white degeneration"、Establish a settlement colony in tropical areas，European colonists have cited golden chicken across continents to Southeast Asia，Myanmar、Malaya、Sumatra and other places Golden Chicken Plantance Garden increased sharply。，When the Golden Chica is planted, it is faced with a dilemma，European capital has been invested in the fanaticism of coffee and tea planting。1884-1899，Tea exports of India and Ceylon increased from 17%to 52%from 17%to 52%，until 1915，Java tea planting gardens reached 286，Even the largest tea factory -Tanara Marlabar Tea Factory，Bandung also has a tea expert office。

early 20th century，Europe and the United States bet365 Play online games enter the automotive industry era，Leading the demand for rubber demand，The Royal Botanical Garden organized a team four times to go deep into South America to collect rubber seeds，After being cultivated, distributed to Ceylon、Malaya and other places，Western capital companies have turned to establish a large number of rubber plantations in the colonies。During the prosperous period，The number of Southeast Asian plantations reaches tens of thousands of。1905-1924，Southeast Asian rubber in the world's rubber production has increased from 6.8%to 93.2%，Rubber cultivated land increased from 132,000 acres to 4.854 million acres，There are 300 rubber plantations in the Malaysian Federation region，Western capital investment is about 500 billion US dollars。Generally speaking，Coffee in Southeast Asia、Tea、Golden Chica and rubber account for more than 70%of the European market share。

Europe has established a free land lease system during the development of Southeast Asian plantation，Dutch East India's "Land Law" stipulates that the government will rent the unsolved land to the owner of the plantation in the form of lease，The lease period is 75 years。Southeast Asian arable land area increased from 3.3%in 1850 to 8.4%in 1929。other，At the end of the 19th century，UK、The Netherlands and other countries have promulgated a series of immigration regulations，Tamir's hard work system that supports Southeast Asian plantation began to form。1830-1929，About 2 million Indian workers were shipped to Southeast Asia to engage in labor。

third，Single -made plantation caused ecological changes。This commercialized plantation model directly caused changes in the ecological structure of Southeast Asia，Southeast Asia originally used forests、The ecosystem mainly based on the wilderness and swamps transforms bet365 best casino games into an agricultural ecosystem characterized by human intervention。This is first reflected in the natural level，Forest cutting a lot，Vegetable damage is severe，Form "Relaxing One、Orderly Arrange "Planting Garden Natural Landscape。1850-1930，Forest coverage in Southeast Asia decreased from 85.3%to 73.2%。The cleansing and weeding system of the plantation garden causes soil erosion to increase，European colonists introduce a large number of Paris green to the colonies、Copper sulfate、pesticides, etc.，Caused soil humus quality and decreased fertilizer。To ensure the production of plantations，European plantation garden main shooting large wildlife，Caused a reduction in biodiversity，A plantation owner named Thomas Rogers personally shot 1500 elephants，300 tigers are shot and killed every year in Bangkok，Malaya's bison is particularly favored by hunters。

From a social perspective，Local people in Southeast Asia are deprived of land ownership，Become a labor force attached to the plantation，I have to move to the harsh forest wilderness with the new plantation。Poor sanitary conditions in rubber plantations，Dirty toilet polluting water wells，Insufficient supply of clean drinking water，Housing crowded smallpox、dysentery、measles and other spread quickly，Labor must endure the problems of various "tropical diseases" and harsh hygiene conditions，This is essentially an ecological non -righteousness。1906，The mortality of the labor mortality in Samililan is 27.66%，Each worker in India has an average of 6 times a year。Look at it in the long run，After the war, the independent countries of the Southeast Asian nation cannot get rid of this single planting mode，Industrialization transformation is extremely difficult，I have to adopt the development method of continuing to provide raw materials for the Bet365 lotto review European and American markets。In the 1970s，Southeast Asia is even known as "the era of economic miracles and environmental collapse"。

Embeds environmental dimension into the research of traditional colonialist history，It is conducive to more comprehensive understanding and researching colonialism。European colonial countries use the plantation model to create a new ecological structure globally，Just as Richard Drandon thinks，Imperialism is a movement of an expansion ecosystem，A way of "surviving" in nature。To some extent，This is also one of the roots of the ecological crisis currently facing Southeast Asia。

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