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Qiao Yu

Is the "Movis Line" separated from East Asia Humans in Western Advanced Stone Making Technology in Western Human Advanced Stone? When the social turmoil and integration of the prehistoric era before 5000 years ago，What kind of heroic leaders have emerged? What is the significance of the Sanxingdui site of "Awakening"?，How to witness the strength of the Vietnam Kingdom? What new historical materials have Qin Jian's hometown of Yunmeng, Hubei Yunmeng?

March 18，"Archaeological Forum of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences · New Discovery of Chinese Archeology in 2021" announced six major archaeological discoveries，Can solve our doubts for us。2021，It is the 100th anniversary of modern archeology in China，These important findings also add dazzling glory to the centennial birthday of Chinese archeology。

　　The highest altitude Aanley technical relics

■ Picolo Site B rear edge of the back edge of the Blade Blade Ax

Pilo Site is located in Daocheng County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province，The average altitude exceeds 3750 meters，within a range of about 1 million square meters，Passing all kinds of stone products，More than 3,000 typical specimens have been collected at present。In the excavation range of 200 square meters，Disposal multiple ancient human activity surfaces，Unearthed more than 7,000 stone products。Base ground relationship、Stacking features and relic discovery，It can be roughly divided into the seven strata discovered into three periods，Overall constitutes a rare "three stacks" in the culture of the old stone era culture，The upper layer is not later than 130,000 years away from today。All three stages were found to have stone products and artificially handling ancient human residential living planes with densely distributed gravel。About 20%of the stone products are "burning stone"，It may be related to the more frequent fire use; it is also found that the semi -ring "stone circle" relics surrounded by flat gravel，It shows that humans have worked with fire at the site、Make stone tools and other activities。

The most noticeable is the ax of the hand、Thin Blade Ax and other typical A Sanley technical relics，This is the highest technical relic in Shanghai who knows the world at present，It is also the most exquisite seen in East Asia、Technology is the most mature、The most complete A Sanley technical relics in the combination，completely ending whether the advanced Al Dili technology stops at the "Movis Line"、East Asia Ancient Humans can only make the debate of rough stone，It is of special significance for knowing the migration and cultural exchanges of ancient people on the east and west side of the Asia and Europe.。The scratches on the unearthed rock clocks，It is a symbolic behavior with the characteristics of modern people，Show the diversification of human behavior in East Asia may be far as early as the past，Provides key materials for major issues such as ancient human behavior and the emergence and diffusion of modern people in the world。

　　"Pompeii" prehistoric large -scale jade made settlement

■ Unearthed by the Huangshan site, the cultural jade

Huangshan site area of ​​300,000 square meters，Based by 3 underground ancient rivers and Baihe enclosures，Consistence of two parts of the mountain and the lower mountains，is the largest Neolithic era in Nanyang Basin。The exposed area of ​​2400 square meters，The ruins are mainly building base sites、Tomb、Gray pit, etc.。The unearthed objects are made of sandstone jade tools as a community，About 23,000 pieces，There are 116 pieces of jade、Dushan jade semi -finished products or waste products、Jade film 3518 pieces、more than 4,500 jade materials; 14 ivory; 73 boneware; nearly 700 pottery; more than 1,500 pork jaws。where，Three pieces of gravel are painted with brown Bet365 lotto review -red characters for labor、卧、Lancao freehand diagram，Can be called a perfect。

Huangshan site is a resource support with Dushan jade and stone、The Neolithic Age of Jade Materials in other places in Yangshao Culture、Qujialing Culture、Shijiahe Culture involves the central large site of jade production nature，filled the new stone artisan handicraft system for the Shirang and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the middle of the Central Plains and the Yangtze River。The Fangju building complex of Yangshao Culture "Qianfang and Houju" is one of the best prehistoric buildings in China，Perfect the details of architectural technology and daily life，Can be called the "Pompeige" relic。5000 years ago，Qujialing Culture centered on the Jianghan area is strong northward，Occupy the Nanyang Basin。Qujialing Cultural Tombers found in the Huangshan site are preserved as the best in the country，Level differentiation is the most obvious。In a large tomb，Tomb owner is tall，Place a long bow of strength and jade，More than 400 pork jaw bones under the feet，It is one of the highest -level tombs in the same period found to date，The heroic posture of the leader of Qujialing Society。

　　The Light of Bashu Civilization

■ Sanxingdui No. 5 pit unearthed gold mask 

The excavation of the six sacrifice pits of Sanxingdui is the world's attention，Get a number of major breakthroughs。Basically clarified the stratigraphy relationship of six "sacrifice pits"、Packing formation process、Shape structure and relic buried status，More than 11,000 cultural relics have been unearthed，There are more than 2400 pieces near the complete device。where，More than 870 copper wares、510 pieces of gold ware、More than 450 pieces of jade、More than 120 pieces of stone tools、13 pieces of pottery，Extract more than 400 ivory ivon。Important cultural relics include gold masks、Bird -shaped gold foil、Portrait of Copper Top、Copper turned to kneel and sit on a portrait、Copper avatar、Copper avatar、copper mask、Copper Zun、Copper 罍、Copper "Altar"、Copper Dragon、Copper grid -shaped turtle backform、Jade、Yu Ge、Jade chisel、Shenshu pattern jade、Jade Block、Jade Sword、Shi Ge、Tao dwarf neck、Taojian bottom cup、Silk fabric remnants、ivory carving、Haibei et al.，Some cultural relics from the shape、Look at the decoration，All have never seen it before。

This excavation further enriched the cultural connotation of the Sanxingdui site，Provides the informative physical information for the sacrifice behavior and sacrifice system of ancient Shu civilization。No. 1 excavated in 1986、A large number of cultural relics unearthed in the pits No. 2，Both ancient Shu civilization、Central Plains Civilization and other regional cultural factors，It indicates that the ancient Shu civilization is an important part of Chinese civilization。Several new utensils excavated this time，Nong Ding Zun, who was unearthed from the No. 3 pit, kneeling on the portrait and copper Yuankou Fangzun、Jade 琮 and silk fabrics unearthed from pit No. 4、ivory carving unearthed from pit No. 5，Further consolidating this understanding。

　　Emberity of the fusion of multiculturalism during the Warring States Period

■ Tongzong 跽

Guozi Mountain Tomb is the centralized city site of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty of the Qingjiang Basin -the attribute relic of the Acropolis City，The top of the hill at about 300 meters on the west side of the site of Tsukowei City，Is the largest archeological excavation in Jiangxi in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in Jiangxi.。Guozi Mountain tombs are surrounded by meals，Grand scale，The area of ​​the tomb is about 230 square meters。Multi -room structure of the double tomb，椁 Room is divided into 25 branches，The funeral tool is a ship -shaped single wooden coffin，High specifications; complete types of funerals，The tomb is early theft，Still unearthed more than 2,600 pieces/set。The paintings unearthed gorgeous，The Bet365 lotto review pattern is complex，Very exquisite; zheng is well -preserved，Total length reaches 2.3 meters，The longest in the pre -Qin period currently discovered in the pre -Qin period; some bronze wares have packed gold、Fault gold decoration; Dragonfly Eye was unearthed、Yulong、Yufeng and other exquisite decorations。speculation based on the overall characteristics of the tomb and the unearthed inscription information，The owner of the tomb may be closely related to the Yue royal family。The AD City was the regional political center of Yue Culture during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty。

Guozi Mountain Tomb is the largest archeological excavation in Jiangxi.。The tomb has outstanding cultural factors，If there is a gap around the surroundings，Platform covering wooden leather，Use a boat -shaped coffin，and the original porcelain of the burial、Geometric printing pottery、Vietnamese Ding、Dove sticks, etc.。At the same time, it is accompanied by a considerable number of Chu cultural factors、Qunshu cultural factors，and your own unique cultural factors。

The excavation of the tomb of Guozi Mountain is Vietnam、New Breakthrough of Cultural Archeology，opened a new situation for the study of Baiyue Culture，The relationship between Wu Yuechu, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which was studied as "Wu Tou Chuwei" in the Jiangxi area、The evolution of the political structure is important。

　"China First Long Wen 觚"

■ Zhengjiahu Cemetery area M58 unearthed relics

Zhengjiahu tomb is located in Chengguan Town, Yunmeng County, Hubei。116 small and medium tombs of small and medium -sized tombs in the late Warring States Period in 2021，All are the tomb of the soil pit vertical acupoint，Critarine total more than 1,000 pieces/set，Mainly lacquer wooden wares，Followed by pottery，​​A small amount of copper、Jade、material、Bamboo vessels, etc.。A batch of precious text materials unearthed，The most valuable is the rare long texture wooden cricket (a polyphoric wooden cricket)。Wooden Seven lines on each side of the wood，About 50 words per line，The full text is about 700 words，The font is a typical Qin Li，is the earliest in the current age，Can be described as "China First Long Wen"。The conspirator scrapes the resignation of the Qin King's sleeping soldiers，"Homes and Heng Home" color is strong，The style and the style of the text are similar to the "Warring States Policy" and "The Warring States Period and the Family Book"。觚 is not seen in the handed down record，Provided us with a new strategy literature，enriched the political history information in the late Warring States Period，It was a precious text that studied social thought at that time。觚 Involved in Wei during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period、Yue、War relationship between Wu，Among them, "The Battle of the Wild in Wei Yue Su" and other events are the first to see，It provides new materials for the important historical events of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period。A group of rare funeral paintings were unearthed，To study the burial funeral instrument of the early Qin and Western Han Dynasty、Religious Thought、Clothing culture and artistic shape provides key materials，It is important to the formation of the formation of Chinese tombs。

Yunmeng is the strategy of the Qin people unified the south，Zhengjiahu Cemetery and Chu Wangcheng site and the surrounding sleeping tiger、Longgang、Jiang Guo、Big grave -headed cemetery is an organic whole。These materials vividly show the gradually integrated integration of Qin culture and Chu culture、History process of unifying Han culture and remitting Chinese civilization，To study the formation of the unified country in the late Han Dynasty to the Chinese multi -nation in the early Han Dynasty、The process of Chinese civilization from a diversity to a unified process and the national identity behind it provides typical cases。

　　Looking for Tuguhun "Great Khan Mausoleum"

■ Murong Zhi Tomb unearthed Bet365 lotto review into a gold and silver catering appliance

Gansu Wuwei Tuguhun Tomb Group is a tomb of the Tugu Huns of the Tang Dynasty。Repeated major discovery since 2019，Created a number of first time in the Tang Dynasty archeology: the first discovery of the physical relic of white wine in the Tang Dynasty、Wooden bed、complete set of iron armor、Pen ink and paper、Large wooden painted bed couch、Pen ink and paper、Wooden Halberd House model; the first confirmation of Tugu Hun text、Tuguhun Pengzi family cemetery; for the first time discovered so large and preserved complete、Diverse Tang Dynasty silk fabrics。

Xi Wang Murong Zhi Tomb is the only preserved Tu Gun Hunye tomb at present。Laboratory archeological cleanup protects the textiles unearthed from the tomb、Painted pottery figurines、More than 800 funerals such as lacquer wood wares，Multi -piece is the first discovery。Unearted Murong Zhi epitaphs mentioned the existence of "Great Khan Mausoleum" for the first time。

2021，To solve the specific location of the "Great Khan Mausoleum"、Layout issues and the cultural connotation of the tomb of the Tugu Hun King's tomb，Archaeological excavations for the newly discovered Tongling, Qilian Township, Tianzhu County。The tombs are "A" -shaped single -room brick room tomb with a slope tomb，There are whole horses in the tomb，1-3 mate，I also see the sheep bone with burning martial arts、beef bone, etc.。There are paint unearthed in the tomb、wood、Tao、Stone、More than 290 funerals such as leather and various metal wares，Most of the residual lacquer woodware，Some lacquer woodware has painted，Paste gold、Silver foil，Decorative gorgeous，Decorative gorgeous。I can know from the unearthed epitaphs，The tomb is the tomb of the Tugu Hunzi family in the early middle of the Tang Dynasty。Records of Tuogu Hunnzi in the epitaph，Study in the history of Tuguhun、History of Ethnic Relations of Ethnic Minorities in the West、Military System of the Tang Dynasty，Especially the Anshi Rebellion before and after the Tang Fan War、A series of problems such as Yanzhou Gate Mansion and the source of "Ansai Army" have important value。

Like in previous years，2021 "six major" archeological discoveries in China，Refresh the existing cognition from different aspects again，Open a new research direction，Let us recognize more deeply，Archaeological work is an important job to build the history of the Chinese nation and display the treasures of Chinese civilization，It is both an important cultural undertaking，It is also a job with great social and political significance。

(Author Unit: History and Cultural Communication Center of the Chinese History Research Institute)

 Expert Comments

　Sichuan Piolo Paleolithic Times Site 

　　◇ Gao Xing (Researcher and Researcher of the Institute of Ancient Human Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences) 

Pilo site is very important，It is a special space -time location、Special cultural relics found in a special environment。It is found on the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau，and in the plateau area，The biggest problem is that a large number of cultural relics are on the surface，It is difficult to form native accumulation，and this site has 7 cultural layers，Very valuable。Look from the strata，From bottom to top，Time from morning to night，Can see the development of culture，Technology、Style、The combination is different。This is for the establishment of Pilo's area，and Western Sichuan Plateau、Qinghai -Tibet Plateau and even the old stone artisan cultural spectrum in the entire southwestern region is very important。We haven’t good to the environment yet、Perform high -resolution measurement analysis，But I think，These 7 cultural layers will not be completely continuous，There will be disconnected，Because in high altitude areas，In some extreme environments，Human beings cannot survive there。The third floor of the site was unearthed Bet365 app download with a very obvious cultural relics of the Axelite point，Hand -ax、The complete combination of thin blades ax and hand pick。Ayarel Technology more than 1.7 million years ago originated in Africa，1 million years around to Europe，After gradually spreading to other places。I thought in the past，There is no this set of relics in East Asia，That is, the "Movis Line" is the Aidi relic，East is a simple stone core、Stone chip relic。Now it seems，This line can be "wiped away" by us。This set of relics suddenly appeared suddenly，There is a sequential relationship with the West in time，It is likely to spread with culture、The migration of the crowd has a certain relationship。Next，Hold the time to sort out the material，Also do some special analysis。Can DNA be extracted in the soil，Find the owner of the culture; need to be further consolidated in the age; start with the environment，Find the reason why the area attracts people to keep living and reproduce here。

　　Nanyang Shinshi New Stone Times Site, Nanyang City, Henan Province 

　　◇ Zhang Chi (Professor of Peking University Archaeological Expo College) 

This is the new stone era in Nanyang Basin，300,000 square meters，A trenches have been found around the surrounding area，The area is exact。All signs in the site are related to jade，People here did not grow crops at that time，Just make jade，I also dug the canal，Make the jade ware to takeaway，Exchange food with jade。From the Yangshao period to the Qujialing period，The production mode has changed，From home style to a group type，But no matter how you change，It is still a "modern industrial park" for jade,。Of course，This conclusion needs to continue to be consolidated。Now I only dug more than 2,000 square meters，Not clear where is the workshop area，Where is the residential area。This site continued from the early days of Yangshao (about 7000 years ago) to the Shijiahe period (about 4300 years ago)，Time span is very long，As far as the current excavation area is concerned，It is impossible to figure out each period，The focus can be placed on the tomb of the late Yangshao house and the tomb of Qujialing culture。The house is the front square and the back of the house，A lot of quantities，So this has a question: Are these houses in the late Yangshao of Nanyang Basin are all workshops? The tombs are very exciting，Very detailed，The traces of even bow ya are made，This is very rare in the archeology of tombs in the Neolithic Times。

　　Sanxingdui Shang Dynasty Site, Guanghan City, Sichuan 

　　◇ Shi Jinsong (Deputy Director of the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Researcher) 

We can from the pit、Nature、The meaning of the relics to understand the Sanxingdui site。Preliminary judgment，These pits are mostly the same era，The relics are also the same era。Based on one，The bronze wares unearthed、Golden device、Although there are many types of jade，But it can still be seen that it is similar to，Especially except the No. 5 pit、Pit outside the No. 6 pit，Whether it is buried，Still unearthed relic category，It's very similar。Based on two，The relics in the pit can be paired，Especially the No. 2 pit、No. 3 pit，and No. 7 pit、No. 8 pit，Explain that these relics were buried in different pits at first，The same age is the same。Of course，This job still needs to be further organized and repaired，Come again to verify。About the absolute age of No. 1 pit，can be judged from two levels，First, through a comparison method，If comparison，It can be seen that the age of the bronze wares is about the early and medium -term of Yinxu。Second, through the means of technology，Such as carbon fourteen test annual。The data published now is the No. 4 pit，Among them, there are 6 data comparison，It is mainly 3100-3000 years away from today，Equivalent to the late Yinxu。Data of this era is with us in the past、The judgment of the No. 2 pit is basically the same。A large number of relics were unearthed Bet365 lotto review at the Sanxingdui site，Complicated，It can be generally summarized into three categories: symbolic utensils，is the object of sacrifice; utensils that show the scene of sacrifice activities;。These three types of relics expressed two topics。One is king's right，Like a gold stick、Golden masks, etc. are all the symbols of the kingship。Second, the sacrifice belief mainly based on the worship of the sun，such as tall bronze trees，It shows the rules of the solar lift，There are more intuitive solar forms, etc.。This description，God rights and kingship were coexisted at the time，The highest rulers control the resources and technology of the production of valuable utensils，and through religious sacrifice activities，Strengthen social cohesion，Strengthen its rule。About the nature of these pits，What is the purpose of digging and burial，It is impossible to determine whether there have been sacrifices in the process of digging and burial，But what can be sure is，These pits are used to bury the sacrifice。I advocate it as the pit of sacrifice utensils。

　　Jiangxi Changshu City Guozi Mountain Warring States Tomb 

　　◇ Cao Jinyan (Professor of the School of Art and Archeology of Zhejiang University) 

History of the pre -Qin period in Jiangxi area，The literature is not very clear，You need to understand and build through archeological discoveries。The scale of the tomb of Guozi Mountain is huge，High specifications of funerals，From the perspective of burial form，A variety of cultural factors intertwined，is currently the largest pre -Qin tomb in Jiangxi。Its discovery，Discuss the history of Jiangxi Eastern Zhou Dynasty，Especially the role of Jiangxi regional civilization in the process of Chinese civilization integration，It has important significance。During the excavation process，The methods and concepts of settlement archeology have been well reflected。More than 2600 cultural relics unearthed from the tomb，Although it reflects a variety of cultural appearances，But still focus on Yueyue cultural factors as the main body。Based on the two inscriptions with the inscriptions and other relics.，The period of the tomb is the middle of the Warring States Period，The owner of the tomb has a close relationship with the Yue royal family。The AD City was the regional political center of Yue Culture during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty，This discovery laid a solid foundation for the final qualitative of the bathroom city.。Discovery of the Tomb of Guozi Mountain，Provides key materials for the construction and improvement of the archeological cultural sequence spectrum in the two weeks of the region，The new perspective is displayed for exploring the cultural change of "Wu Tou Chuwei" from an archeological perspective。

　　Hubei Yunmeng County Zhengjiahu Warring States Qinhan Cemetery 

　◇ Bai Yunxiang (Researcher of the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) 

Zhengjiahu Cemetery has natural resource advantages，The preservation status is better，It is a full -water tomb，I can hardly see it elsewhere，But good resources are finally converted into good scientific research results。Zhengjiahu Cemetery during excavation，Always attach importance to the protection of cultural relics，Pay attention to multi -disciplinary cooperation，Research on the side protection while trying and sorting the side research。such as three -dimensional modeling、Analysis of water、Analysis of residues in the container，Analysis of human bone DNA、Various pathological studies, etc.，It should be said that all the means can be used，All that can be done，Both all protect the cultural relics，It also shows the value of science and technology archeology，It represents the level of cooperation and development of modern field archeology in modern fields。I think，The significance of archeological discovery of Zhengjiahu Cemetery，Put it on a large space -time framework、Observation and thinking on the historical Bet365 app download background。These tombs are small and medium tombs from the late Warring States Period to the early Western Han Dynasty，Unified Six Kingdoms with Qin，Establishing a close relationship between the establishment of a multi -ethnic unified country，provides typical cases for studying the historical process of Chinese civilization from a multi -in -one to the unification of the unification。Yunmeng was a strategic place for Qin Guodong to go south at that time。Through Zhengjiahu Cemetery and some of the original surroundings，We can see that the Qin people occupy the dream of clouds，How do you live with the Chu people，How to perform social governance，and Qin Culture、How does Chu Cultural Affairs affect integration。

　　Gansu Wuwei City Tang Dynasty Tuogu Huning Tombs Tomb Group 

　　◇ Qi Oriental (Professor of Peking University Archaeological Expo College) 

Mention Tu Gulu Hun，Many people are more rusty，But it occupies a wide area，Li Guo 300 years，Long time，A greater impact on future generations，So it is very important。It can be said，Its rising and declining changes in the ancient Chinese territory。After several generations of efforts，The review of related literature has been clear，For a long time, there is no new material。The tomb of the Tugu Huns is particularly important。Unexpected thing is，This degree of Chineseization of Tuguhun returned to the Tang Dynasty can be so fast，If it wasn't for the epitaph，I thought it was a general Tang Tomb，refreshed the imagination of our previous assimilation of Tuogu Hunu。Specifically，If the ivory panel is unearthed;，There is a clear regulation in the Tang Dynasty，officials above the three grades can wear purple clothes，If this is a dynasty，That is very important;，​​This is a system of the Tang Dynasty; there are quite a considerable number of silk fabrics。In the previous archeological excavations of China，I have never seen such a good study room four treasures。The ancient man's brush，There are writing，There is also a special copy of the scriptures，The production materials are different，If the unearthed brush is used for copying，So does Tugu believe in Buddhism? The Liuqu screen was unearthed by the tomb、Wooden bed、Iron armor and other physical objects，Exchanges between different cultures，There are many similarities with the things known in the past，There are some systems that are completely Han people，also with Central Asia、Cultural Elements of West Asia，So this discovery is very important，History of Tu Guhun will be rewritten。If you can find the city site or residential address next，So the historical research of Tuguhun will be a huge contribution。

　(Yang Yang/Writing)