"Improve the national innovation system，Accelerating the construction of a science and technology power "is the main task of the country's implementation of innovation -driven development strategies。Technology system、The scientific and technological governance system and the national innovation system are the "trinity" system formed by "scientific and technological innovation"、System and mechanism。Where，Modernization of the scientific and technological governance system into the construction of the national innovation system，Multi -tension formed。The relationship between the multi -tension of multiple tensions，helps to better promote the modernization of the scientific and technological governance system，Build a national innovation system with Chinese characteristics。

　　Bet365 lotto review

The main advantage of as a national innovation system in China，Government leading body is now in the system of university research institutions、Enterprise ownership structure、National Science and Technology Plan Project、National Science and Technology Reward System and other aspects。But，Government source R & D expenditure accounted for the proportion of research and development funds in the whole society to continue to decline，Keep only about 20%，To a certain extent, it has weakened the function of government -led scientific research (basic research and application research)。According to statistics，Scientific research in R & D expenses of China ’s whole society accounts for only about 15%，Factering less than about 30%of developed countries。

The goal of the reform of China's science and technology system is to solve the problem of combination of science and technology and economy，So "Support and Encourage Enterprises Become the subject of technology innovation。Development of corporate research and experiment (hereinafter referred to as "R & D") investment accounted for more than 50%of the total social funding investment，It bet365 best casino games has always been the main policy goal of the government。2020，Chinese enterprise R & D expenditure accounts for 76.6%，The average level of more than OECD countries。Enterprises have become the main body of the resource of China's technological innovation system。But，The establishment of the status of the corporate subject still exists in the "heavy form，Light Function "phenomenon。For this，The National "Fourteenth Five -Year Plan" plan once again proposes to "strengthen corporate innovation subject status"。The connotation of the main body of enterprise technology innovation is not just the main body of the resource carrier，It is also necessary to become technological innovation decisions、R & D investment、Scientific Research Organization、The main body of the transformation of results。

Balance the tension between the government and the subject of the enterprise，The key lies in the process of building a national innovation system，Clarify the functions of the government and the market，Further handling the government and market relations。Where，State -owned enterprises are government -led and corporate subjects。2021，R & D funding for central enterprises is 904.59 billion yuan，accounting for 32.4%of the research and development expenses of the whole society，Occupy more than 40%of the R & D expenses of the enterprise。In this sense,，Central enterprises and local state -owned enterprises are becoming technological innovation decisions、R & D investment、Scientific Research Organization、The main body of the transformation of results，and the key to establishing the status of corporate technology innovation。

　　Central Government and Local Government

The government -led national innovation system is not only reflected in the global organization and coordination of the central government，It also includes the support and guidance of the local government at the regional level。and local scientific and technological innovation forces are the significant features of the national innovation system of China。

In the current major scientific and technological innovation forces in the world，The United States is similar to China because of its geographical space，Have a certain degree Bet365 app download of comparability。The United States is a federal country，Each state is regarded as the beneficiary of federal funding or the bearer of the federal R & D investment，Lack of enthusiasm for carrying out independent research and development。until the 1980s，Only states are realized that the importance of research and development investment，But the proportion of state and local governments in the US government's research and development expenditure is generally low，2018 only accounts for 3.58%。The situation in China is completely different。In 1999, China's local fiscal science and technology expenditure had accounted for 34.6%of the national fiscal science and technology expenditure，and has been in a state of rapid growth in the past 20 years，In 2012, the local government surpassed the proportion of the central government for the first time，This proportion in 2020 has reached 62.8%。

May 2019，The General Office of the State Council issued the "Reform Plan for the division of the central and local fiscal rights and expenditure responsibilities in the field of science and technology"，Clarify the central government's focus on supporting the overallness、Basic、Long -term work，Local finance focuses on supporting technology development and transformation applications。The proportion of fiscal scientific and technological expenditures of the central government and local governments is long，caused two aspects of challenges。First, the proportion of the central government declines，global、Basic、Long -term science and technology work may be difficult to meet the needs of the overall development of the country，Ru basic research、Industry common technologies, etc.。Second, the local government's consideration for the implementation of the central government's strategy and enhancing regional competitive advantages，Large -scale investment in scientific and technological innovation activities，But it may also exacerbate the imbalance of regional development。

Balance the tension between the central government and the local government，reflected as division of labor and cooperation。On the one hand，Further strengthen the overall nature carried out by the central government、Basic、Long -term science bet365 Play online games and technology work，Especially basic research and application research; while local financial investment should strengthen the development of research and development，Focus on technology development。On the other hand，Accelerate and improve the construction of the national technical element market，Let scientific and technological innovation achievements flow across regional freely，Let the seeds of technology bloom and bear fruit in various places。other，It should also give full play to the role of the central government for local transfer payment，Constantly enhance the balance of regional development。

　task -oriented and free exploration

An important advantage of the government leading the national innovation system，Lead the resource allocation through national strategic needs and task traction，is the task -oriented governance mode。Where，National Science and Technology Plan (Special、Fund, etc.) is an important way for the government to support scientific and technological innovation activities。According to "Several Opinions on the Management Reform of the National Science and Technology Plan"，In the national science and technology plan system，Basic plans are mainly providing public technology products，wide range、The cycle is long; the major project is a science and technology plan set up by the government around national strategic goals，Clear target、Strong phase。"Regarding the deepening of the Central Financial Science and Technology Plan (Special、Fund, etc.) Management Reform Plan "，my country's Science and Technology Plan (Special、Fund, etc.) Integrated into five categories，Further strengthen the "Focusing on the National Strategic Mission"。It is the institutional advantage of "concentrating strength to do major events"，my country has been in aerospace、Oceanic detection and medical and health has achieved a series of major research progress and results。

Free exploration is mostly selected by scientists to choose research topics，Emphasize personal initiative and creativity。Current，Research on free exploration in my country。After the reform of the National Science and Technology Plan Project in 2014，The National Natural Science Foundation of China has become the main institution for funding for free exploration of free exploration category。"National Natural Science Foundation 2020 Annual Bet365 app download Performance Evaluation Report" pointed out，"Project on the surface、Youth Science Fund Projects and other volumes of large faces、The type of funding for independent topics projects is low "，In 2020, the total amount of direct expenses of the Natural Science Foundation accounted for 58.62%。This trend may bring new challenges。One is，task -oriented governance If the task goals are unclear、Explorer strong、Short -term pressure，Decisions that may not comply with the laws of scientific development，Higher opportunity cost at the same time。Two is，The continuous expansion of task -oriented governance in the field of basic research，It may cause a large number of basic researchers to lose the enthusiasm of free exploration，More staged projects in pursuit of clear goals，Further compressing the funding space for the research of free exploration category。

The key to the tension between the task orientation type and the free exploration type，It is based on the law of science。This needs to focus on major national strategic needs and the field of cutting -edge science in the world，Let scientists independently determine research topics、Team and funding use，and take different research modes for different types of projects。task -oriented type is suitable for technical and engineering projects with clear targets，Free exploration model is more suitable for basic science projects driven by curiosity。

　　Open Innovation and Independent Innovation

For more than 40 years of reform and opening up，my country integrates the global innovation network through "introduction" and "going global"，The national innovation system basically forms a two -way open situation。On the one hand，Internalization of the innovation system of "introduction"，my country has significantly improved the level of technological development，But there is also an excessive relying on key core technology abroad、Low value of product added value。Since the Sino -US trade friction in 2018，my country in key basic parts components、Key basic materials、The shortcomings in advanced basic technology and other aspects are further prominent。Bet365 lotto review my country proposed the "independent innovation" strategy in 2006，In 2021，This is both the demand for the development of the country，It is also the need for open innovation。Only enhanced independent innovation ability，Accelerate the realization of high -level technology self -reliance，can we occupy a favorable position in the global value chain，Get higher added value。On the other hand，Through the implementation of the "going global" strategy，The outgoing internationalization of my country's national innovation system has also increased significantly。As of the end of 2020，China's foreign direct investment stock reaches 2.58 trillion US dollars，Become the world's third largest foreign direct investment source country。A large number of Chinese companies have developed and developed globally。

But，A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change.，Coupled with the global popularity of the new crown pneumonia，Economic Globalization Encounter inverse flow，Relieve by nationalism and protectionism，The dialectical unity between persistence of open innovation and independent innovation is the necessary tension for scientific and technological governance。Independent innovation is the prerequisite and foundation of open innovation，Open Innovation is a way and means of independent innovation。Technology self -reliance is not to engage in closed innovation，Actively absorbing foreign advantage technology is to better improve the ability to innovate。

Current，my country's scientific and technological governance system is running under multiple tension，How to balance and adjust these tension is the key to the modernization of the scientific and technological governance system。Modernization of the scientific and technological governance system in China，The advantages of the socialist market economy system must be brought into play，Construct a more comprehensive factor market -based configuration system and mechanism，Promoting the effective market and the better combination of the government，Focus on the construction of an enterprise as the main body、market -oriented、Deeply integrated national Bet365 lotto review innovation system for industry -university -research，Adhere to the independent innovation road of Chinese characteristics。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Fund "In the New Situation&ZD074) Staged results)

(Author Unit: School of Economics Management, Dalian University of Technology)