Hezquan (1911-2012)，from Heze, Shandong，Famous historian，Professor of Beijing Normal University，Doctoral supervisor。graduated from the Department of History of Peking University，Once studying in Japan、United States。Once working in "Education Short Wave" magazine、Department of History of Central University、Institute of History Language Institute of the Central Academy of Sciences。studying at Columbia University in 1947，After working at the Peizhong International College of Johns Hopkins University。Back to China in 1950，Coaching at the Department of History of Beijing Normal University (now the School of History)，The Director of the Research Office of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties、Deputy Director Director and other posts。As the Society of History of the Qin and Han Dynasties of China、The History Society of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties、Tang History Society、Academic Consultants of the Society of Jianxian Research Association。He has been to the United States many times、Japan and Taiwan and Hong Kong are interviewed。

Entering academic research fields in the 1930s，Hez is working hard in the field of social and economic history in China，formed a pioneering research theory and system。Published more than a hundred academic articles such as "Chinese Buddhist temples of the Middle Ages" and "Freedom of the Han and Wei Dynasties"，Published "The History of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties", "Six Lectures of Chinese Culture", "Patriotic Scholars -Eighty -Fifth Self -Read", "Ancient Chinese Society" and other academic monographs。Its masterpiece "Ancient Chinese Society" is hailed as "a milestone in the history of the history of New China，Reflected the latest breakthrough in Chinese history research in the 1990s，The latest level of Chinese history research "。Six volumes of "Hez Full Text Collection" won the prize of Beijing Philosophy and Social Sciences Excellent Achievement、Outstanding Achievement Award for Science Research (Humanities and Social Sciences) first prize for colleges and universities。

Hez is all in history theory、History of Social Economy、Ancient Chinese Army System、China's temple economic research and other fields all have pioneering buildings and outstanding contributions，The influence of the "feudal theory of the Han and Wei Dynasties" that its advocates is far -reaching。"Select the good and stubborn" "，The harm will be subject to "the two ancient words believed by Professor Hezquan。Qian and generous，Qian and generous，Gentle and elegant，Pacific approachable，For all post -learning，City House Cave，Careful loving，Can be the master style，It can be described as a veritable "History Elderly"。

"Choose the Good and Stubborn" from "Book of Rites · Mean"。Mr. Hezquan's understanding of "choosing good"，refers to the choice of life and academic roads，"Stubborn" "Zhi" is academic persistence。Use this sentence as a life motto，Mr. He expresses the road of adhering to academic ideology、Persist in using Marxist dialectical materialist history to engage in the guidelines and beliefs of historical research，It is also Mr. He's high summary and summary of his own life and academic roads。Politics and clouds ever -changing，But Mr. He's adherence has never changed。From the ignorant teenager to the backbone of the "food and cargo school"，From Li Zhuang's quiet scholar to researcher at the United States，From a single branch to the strong tide of foreign thoughts and theories for the right to speak in the Chinese history after the reform and opening up，Mr. He's "Random Cloud Flying still calmly"。He firmly believes: study the law of historical development，Study the path of Chinese historical development，Always the mainstream of social history research，Marxist Material Dialectics' guiding role in historiological research is irreplaceable。

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In the second half of Bet365 lotto review the 1920s，Chinese society is rising，Various Western thought tide comes，New and Old Affairs Treatment，New and Old Affairs Treatment，Where does China go to become a big problem in the era of torture。Mr. Hezquan as a 16 -year -old boy，full blood，heart with the world。As a middle school student in Heze, Shandong，Feeling the soul that can be called the revolutionary climax of the Northern Expedition -Marxism is everywhere。His eagerly absorb new things and new ideas，Lien in various small bookstores，Read like thirsty like thirsty，Reap into a lot of dialectics、Materialism Theory、Books related to the historical view of materialism。Marxist's east to open the door to the world to the knowledge youth, including Mr. He，opened a new era of awakening of the Chinese nation，This also determines Mr. He’s life direction and academic road。

For the Chinese Social History of Social History from the Late 1920s to the late 1920s，Mr. He always remembers it。Wandering in Marxists (Most of the scholars participating in the debate at the time claimed to be Marxist，After that, it is naturally a big waves and sand)、Non -Marxist、Anti -Marxist's lip gun tongue sword，The era and social background have contributed to a climax of Marxism's development in China。After entering Peking University，Mr. He's vision is more open，contact more new ideas and new theories。During studying at Peking University，Mr. He read the first and third volumes of Marx's "Capital"、Engels's "Family、Origin of Private and State "" The War of German Farmers "and other books，I came into contact with dialectics and materialism，I also read Kitzki's "The Basis of Christianity"、Thomas Moore and his "Utopia" and other writings，Has a huge shock and influence on his academic thoughts，It laid a solid foundation for his continuous climbing academic peak in the future。

Mr. He in his later years still insists that Marxism has an important impact on Chinese society and ideological circles，This is a great theory of social history in China，It should be a special book in the history of Chinese history in the 20th century。Mr. He is in the impact of this huge wave of thought，Accept Marxist historical theory、History Thought，and became a very few scholars who were engaged in historical research in various camps at the time of social history at that time。

After the first climax of the Great Revolution，During the Northern Expedition, it happened in the Communist Party、Kuomintang rightist、The struggle and differences between the Kuomintang reorganization faction，Not only determines the direction of China and the party ’s division，Also leading to a complete break from the Communist Party and the Kuomintang。The biggest impact on Mr. He's thoughts is He Siyuan、Hu Shi、Fu Sinian、Tao Xisheng and others。Mr. He joined the Kuomintang (reorganized) with the belief of the Three People's Principles as the banner in the climax of the Northern Expedition.，Since then, it can be described as a wave of three folds on the political and academic roads，After bumpy。

After the founding of New China，Mr. He, who is far away from the other side of the ocean，In 1950, I resolutely returned to the motherland that was involved in the end of the world。47 years later，Mr. He reviewed the three forks of this fate choice，"1950 ago，The road that placed in front of me is also the way in front of most Chinese students in the United States，There are three: one is back to the mainland，The second is to stay in the United States，Third is to go to Taiwan "。Continue to stay in the United States，There is no worry about life and work，At that time, Mr. He had obtained Fellowship at the International College of Johns Hopkins University (Research Fund)，2,000 yuan a year，You can support your family，Stability of work。Master took his son He Fangchuan to live in China for hardships，I also hope to go to the United States for reunion。Go to Taiwan，can be described as smooth and smooth water，Fu Sinian retreats when the Kuomintang retreats from the mainland，Most researchers in the History Institute have retreated to the island Taiwan，Continue to keep the name、Preparation and personnel。Fu Sinian probably thinks that Mr. He will follow him again Bet365 app download to the History Institute，Continue to complete academic research that has begun and expands，Not only keeps preparation for him，Also transport Mr. He’s books to Taiwan。Back to the mainland，It should be said to be the hardest and most needed courage，Mr. He is a member of the Kuomintang party for decades，Affected by the second international amendmentist is quite deep，Available on the roads such as the road of the Chinese revolution and other issues with the Communist Party，Wearing a hat of "New Tao Shengism" long ago。It is staying in the United States to continue living a relatively stable and comfortable life，Still obey the summoning of Master Enshisan to enter the history of the historical language that just moved to Taiwan? However，Mr. He chose the third road，It is also the most difficult road，Resolutely return to New China。All the concerns are gone in the word "patriotic".。How Mr. How is Mr. said: "In China，The Communist Party has obtained the government's situation，I want the country to stabilize，Power is used in the construction of the motherland，Make the motherland rich and strong，Disclosure from backward and humiliated bitter sea，Only the people who sacrificed the people in their heads，Surong the Communist Party sincerely and thoroughly，In exchange for the tolerance of the Communist Party，Building the motherland under the leadership of the Communist Party。”

We can’t take Mr. He's choice as an ordinary patriotic intellectual this time。As a young member of the Kuomintang as a teenager，I chose the fate of the motherland and the people，I selected the same morality under the leadership of the Communist Party、Toby forward。Although suffering，But Mr. He has no complaints and regrets，"Patriotic Student" is the best portrayal of his self -proclaimed life。Mr. He sincerely supports the road of reform and opening up led by Comrade Deng Xiaoping，He believes that this is the most needed after more than half a century in modern China、The most correct only road，Keep going，Chinese history and Chinese culture have the future。He has actively applied to join the Communist Party of China many times，Finally realized this wish in the 1980s。

　　Chinese social history war andMarxist history

1931，Mr. Hezquan entered the Department of History of Peking University，Formally starting academic career in Chinese history and society。He has successively encountered several teachers who had a significant impact on his academic and human life.，Just these gentlemen belong to the characters who are at that time。where，The leader of "Food and Cargo" Tao Xisheng is the key figure who guides Mr. He to enter the academic temple。

The name of "Food and Cargo" comes from "Food" half -monthly，Founded in December 1934，Editor -in -chief Tao Xisheng。The background of its pioneering journal was a major transformation period in Chinese society at that time，Internal and external problems，West wind blowing，Social nature of Chinese society、Where does China go to major issues and other major issues have launched the argument of Chinese social history。"Eater" "Food" half -monthly gathered young scholars，Collection of their experiences to study China's socio -economic history here，Emphasized theoretical discussion should be based on collecting and studying historical materials，It has had an important impact at home and abroad，Or it may be considered to form a "food and cargo school"。Actually, the founder Tao Xisheng as the core，Ju Qingyuan、Hezquan and other backbone，Academic groups with the purpose of studying socio -economic history。They accepted the historical view of Marxist materialism，Try to explore and explain the nature of Chinese society、China History Road、The characteristics of social development in China，In fact, the ultimate attention was the future and fate of China at that time。In the battle of social history in China，"Food and Cargo" famous，Achievements，Open atmosphere first。They are "alternative" after the prevalent of Qianjia School.。Mr. He Ziquan is an important writer and editor of the half -month magazine of "Food"。

Chinese Social History Theory directly contributed to the formation of Chinese Marxist history。Mr. He summarized the participation of the historical circles bet365 Play online games at the time mainly concentrated in three problems: a、Discussion on the nature of contemporary society; 2、Contemporary Rural Society Concerns; 3、Combat on Social History in China。Mr. He is most interested and devoted to discussion of Chinese social history，Chinese social history has also become the focus of his research later。

As a young student at Peking University，Mr. He follows Tao Xisheng，Edit of becoming "Food" magazine，and published a total of five articles in "Food and Food": "The prototype of the Economic Park Economy in the Wei and Jin Dynasties", "Destruction and Revival of Rural Economics in the Three Kingdoms", "Quality Ren" solution (1) "," Three Kingdoms period countries The Three Leaders of the Middle School and the Study of the Middle -aged Great Temple Studies。Although the political identity is a member of the Kuomintang Party，But the ideological academic road always insists on exploring and using the dialectical materialist history of Marxism，Start with Chinese social history and Chinese economic history，Study the development path and development law of ancient Chinese history，Study big problems in Chinese history，The core question of studying Chinese social history。Early research can be called the blue road of the road，Open the Chinese social history that Mr. Hezquan focused on research、The field of the temple economy and the field of Han and Tang Dynasty，and the creation journey of "The Purpose of the Han and Wei Dynasties (Wei Jin)"。

After a century of vicissitudes，Many specific issues involved at that time are no longer the focus and hotspot of the academic circles，Even for many years due to the old and inconsistent time。But the essence of the controversy is to answer whether the basic laws of human historical development summarized by Chinese history and Marxism are consistent、Whether Marxism is applicable to China and other questions，It is an attempt to investigate and study Chinese history with Marxist socioeconomic forms。It can be said，baptism of this big discussion，The ideological basis for Mr. He to accept the theory of social and economic morphology of Marxist society。

Chinese social history staging is the product of Chinese social history.，This controversy lasted more than half a century，After several ups and downs，Different opinions，Interweater at home and abroad。evolution according to five social forms，One of the focus of the controversy is when to enter the feudal society in Chinese history，It can be analyzed at least divided into Western Zhou、East Zhou (Spring and Autumn)、Warring States、Qin Han、Wei Jin and other views。After the founding of New China，The feudal said in the Western Zhou Dynasty occupied the dominant position during a period，Everyone in the historian world — Fan Wenlan、Lu Zhenyu、翦 赞，All say this。Guo Moruo's original Qin Han unified feudal feudal began to say，Later, the period when the feudal society began was mentioned to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States。Although Mr. He insists on the "Wei Jin feudal theory" he advocates "，But I can only say silent，Not following the flow。1978，Holding a seminar in Chinese social history in Changchun。The mainstream of the staging at that time was still Mr. Guo Moruo's Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period feudal theory，But the feudal of the Western Zhou Dynasty said that the East Mountains will rise again，Wei Jin feudal said that it is also come back。Speaking of the "feudal theory" made by Mr. He at the meeting，The systematic clarification of your staging theory。

　　"Choosing good and stubborn"

Academic "Good"，One can be described as "good" of theory，"Goodness" of academic research。The dialectical materialist history of Marxism is the "good" of the theory pursued and insisted on Mr. He。"Stubborn"，It is not taught and rigid，Instead, insist on the dialectical materialist view of Marxism，Adhere to the organic combination of Marxism and Chinese historical research，Adhere to the use of development、Contacts and methods of contact。

In the field of academic research，Mr. He emphasized that Chinese social history is the mainstream of the development of Chinese history，Study in Chinese social history should be the mainstream of studying Chinese history。His main academic contribution bet365 live casino games is reflected in the following aspects。

The first is to advocate "Wei Jin feudal theory (that is, the feudal theory of the Han and Wei)"。About the meaning of advocacy，Mr. He pointed out: At the time of the Han and Wei Dynasties，Social and economic changes，Those who study this period of history can be seen，But knowing these changes from ancient times to feudal social forms and given it to a systematic theoretical description，And the saying with reliable historical documents，"I am the first person"。He sorted out the four clues of social changes at that time，that is: exchanged economy from the city to the natural economy of rural areas;、slave to the head、guest; from the merger of land to the population competition; from the flow of people to the ground。Population division、The temple economy、Low the identity of the family and soldiers、According to the problem of attachment people, etc.，Has caught historical changes in this period、Key issues of social and economic changes，It has a significant impact in the academic world。The "Wei and Jin Gulu theory" proposed by himself has become a non -mainstream theory and has been suppressed for many years，Mr. He chose to face it calmly，But do not change the original intention，Did not stop, he continued to explore the footsteps of Chinese history with Marxist theory。

Second, it is proposed in the field of Han Tang's military system.。On the occasion of the Han and Wei dynasties，It is a major change era in the history of Chinese military system。The study of Mr. He's military history research basically covers the entire Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties，Expand the previous research field。He thinks，The World System formed during the Han and Wei Dynasties was the main system of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties。The concept of the World Bing system is exactly what Mr. He first proposed and studied in the article "The System of the Wei, Jin and South Dynasties"，Dynamic interpretation of the World Bing system in historical evolution，revealing the essence and development of the world's system。He did not ignore the military system of other forms of this period，If the study of the army (Chinese army) directly under the Central Government (Chinese Army) research "Exploring the Crimson"。

Third is the work of economic research on the economic research of Buddhist temples in Han and Tang dynasties。The "China Economy" published in September 1934，Published by Mr. He's "Chinese Buddhist Temple in Middle Ages"，It is the earliest academic article in the Chinese historic community to study the temple economy。Mr. He study the eyes of Chinese social history，First focus on Buddhist temples，The focus is on exploring the characteristics of the production relations of medium and ancient feudal society。"The temples of the Sui and Tang dynasties of the Northern and Southern Dynasties，Not only a religious organization，It is still a economic organization，Social Organization，Political Organization "，It is both the carrier of Buddhist beliefs，It is "a social entity wearing a religious coat"，"It is also particularly significant in the performance of feudal relations"。From this to each other，The characteristics of studying the economy of the temple and exploring China's socio -economic。Professor Zhang Gong summarized the characteristics of Mr. He to explore the production relations of Chinese feudal society，Special selection of "Anatomy" given by the "Sparrow" of "Middle Aju Temple Economy"。He pointed out: "In Chinese academic history，Han Buddhism and its temples，It has always been a research object of religion。Research on Buddhism and its temples，From the field of pure religion，Expand the introduction of the field of history，Research on the Social History of Buddhism，Mr. He's another academic contribution。"This academic category he painted by Mr. He，Divided into three "sectors": Studies of the temple economic research、Research on Relations of the Relations of Monk Monks and feudal regimes、Buddhist temple culture research。He thinks，After decades since then，Research achievements in the study of the economy and Buddhist social history at home and abroad，Basically, I have not left the academic bet365 live casino games category of Mr. He more than 70 years ago，Generally, it is an extension and deepening of the research made by Mr. He。Mr. He's temple economic research，Erected a high standard for future generations。"History of Chinese Temple" written by Mr. He planned to write，Now as its unfinished wish，Lying quietly in the high manuscript。

"Ancient Chinese Society" published by Henan People's Publishing House in 1991 is the masterpiece of Mr. He，Comprehensively explained his road to ancient Chinese society、National Origin and Form、Feudal Society installment、Social changes in the Han and Wei dynasties。In the middle of the 1950s，Mao Zedong proposed "Hundred Flowers Flow，Baijia Consecration "，The academic atmosphere is more active。Mr. He published a article "Several Issues About Ancient Chinese Society" in "Culture History and Philosophy"，He regards it as the first draft of the book "Ancient Chinese Society"。Some scholars have given high evaluation，It believes that the book "reflects the latest breakthrough in ancient Chinese history research in the 1990s，The latest level of Chinese history research "。In its sister's "Chinese Society in China"，Mr. He discussed the development of the Warring States Qinhan City in the Warring States Period，The natural economy of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Southern Dynasties is significant。The opportunity to change in the Three Kingdoms, two Jin: First, the decline of the urban and rural economy; the other is the development of dependent relationships; the third is the rise of religion。The framework of "Chinese Society in China" is also exactly the development and in -depth clues around three changes。2013，"Ancient Chinese Society" and Mr. He's manuscript "Chinese Society"，Sorted by the disciples，Compiled into a copy，The title is "Ancient Chinese Society and its transition to the middle society"，Greek -enterprise reflected the thinking of Mr. He's thinking about the historical process and changes in the ancient society and the historical society of the middle of the world from a longer period of time。From long -term、Analysis of social changes from the deep cause of the development of social contradictions，instead of "surface、Look at the question shallow "，Focus on examining the development path and development law of Chinese history，and put it in a large framework of world historical development; pay attention to examining the key significance of the social and economic sector and its in -depth reasons;，Also pay attention to social consciousness、Interactive role of thought，It is the focus that Mr. He is engaged in the Institute of History，It has also become a characteristic of his research problem。

Mr. He in the History of Social Economics of China、History theory、The temple economy、The development and movement of the history of the history of Wei, Jin, Northern and Northern Dynasties，Dialectical Material History views like "Pu Zhao Light"，Light shining everywhere。

　Great Sky outside the well

Mr. He once quoted Han Yu's article "Sitting in the same way" "Sitting in the well and watching the sky。Non -Tianxiao，Xiaoyou, who I saw "。The field of Mr. He's research can be described as a big sky outside the well，The scope of his thinking can be described as there is a heavenly outside。

Mr. He often talks about the second and third international (Communist International)，Analyze the differences between the two，At the same time, I often compare Marxism and Leninism theory，Discuss the right and wrong of the two international issues on the issue of Marxism。He believes that the study and use of Marxist theory also requires materialist dialectics，Because Marxism itself is constantly developing; the history of the Chinese Communist Party's acceptance and development of Marxism also needs to be summarized and reflected。These ideas of Mr. He do not have the manuscripts of the system，But it means that Mr. He not only learns and use Marxist theory and method，At the same time, I am thinking about the development and change of Marxism itself。He believes that the guidance and use of Marxism in the Chinese revolution and construction，Is developed、Dialectical，It is a combination of specific practice with the Chinese revolution bet365 best casino games and construction。Acknowledged development、Acknowledge change，Is the dialectics of Marxism，and use this as the main method to observe history。

Some time after the 1980s，Overseas Commodity Economy、Technology and capital influx into China，Academic in Western countries、History thoughts and works also poured into China。The basic principle of Marxism is questioned by some people in China，Mr. He still insists on promoting the study of Chinese social history with dialectical materialist history，Walking the theory and material、Roads that focus on macro and micro。Mr. He seems to be a bit backward for some people think that the view of dialectical materialism is a bit backward、When you are not welcome，He has repeatedly expressed his adherence to dialectical materialist view，Mainly insist on two points: First, look at historical phenomena and problems comprehensively，The second is to look at historical phenomena and problems from development and change。Mr. He thinks it is divided into "material" and "ideal"，"Wei" is not used well，It should be material plus heart，The object is "root"，The heart is "leaf"，There is no branches and leaves without roots，8001_8006。He often said，Seeing the question is both comprehensive and in -depth，I saw the trees without seeing the forest，It is described as some people who are incomplete to see the problem，Add a sentence: I see trees，No "root"，Not in -depth is not enough。

The "Chinese Expert and Scholars Dictionary" compiled by the "People's Daily" Overseas News Exchange Center in the selected entry，published a comment on Mr. He's academic style: "I inherited the tradition of Chinese history，heavy materials，Re -examination，Reight the problem itself。I am western historical thought、Training and influence of Marx historical thought。I pay attention to macro、Micro -see Question，From the perspective of development，Look at the problem from a comprehensive look，Form my macro、Micro and heavy weight，Theory、Academic style with equal emphasis on materials。”

He pointed out in the preface of the editor -in -chief of the "Chinese Middle -aged Politics and Social Research": "Be careful of the detours in history，Pay attention to this deviation。One book may also be more material，It may also be more theory; a book may focus on macro，May also focus on the micro。But we hope the whole set of books，Is the theory、Materials and weigh，Macro、Micro -emphasis under the guidance of the ideological guidance。This is the positive road of the study of Chinese society and political history，It is the positive road of learning，It is also the guidance idea of ​​our editor of this book。”

Look at the problem comprehensive and in -depth，The principle of Mr. He insisted on your physical strength。Marxism in China for a century develops，ups and downs，But Mr. He "don't forget the original heart"，Persist in using dialectical materialism research history，Long Mijian，Always never。

　　(The author is a professor at the History of History and History of History and History of Beijing Normal University、Special Professor of Capital Normal University、Vice President of the Chinese Society of Commercial History)