As early as the 1840s,Marx realized that there is a collusive relationship between bet365 code and metaphysics。He discovered that it was not just his idealism that corrupted Hegel's philosophy,It also depends on his political economic stance,That is, having a generally uncritical attitude towards bet365 code。In Marx’s vision,Metaphysics and bet365 code are related by marriage,The essence of modernity is that rational metaphysics uses the logic of bet365 code to achieve abstract domination over people。
Computing bet365 code and Progress bet365 code
Marx lived in a world that experienced the Renaissance、The Age of Enlightenment after the Reformation。The Enlightenment demonstrated its spiritual essence with a revolutionary attitude that completely broke with the old tradition: on the one hand,Establishing the unquestionable value priority of reason;At the same time,Set people as rational subjects,Making all things need to be accepted as "objects" for people's planning、Settings。On the other hand,The famous proposition "knowledge is bet365 code" established the admiration for the functional value of science and technology。In the eyes of those who have been baptized by the Enlightenment,“Human beings can solve all problems,Overcome all obstacles,Complete all explorations”。The hidden purpose hidden in this spirit of modernity is to maximize domination、The bet365 code of domination—making enlightenment fall into the worship of instrumental reason,The consequence is that the abstract unity formed by the computing paradigm and the progress paradigm dominates the world。
Mills believes,Computational bet365 code means "there is nothing mysterious in principle"、Incalculable forces are at work,People can control everything through calculation。This is the disenchantment of the world。Computing and technology can serve people,This is the essence of rationalization”。Under the constraints of computing bet365 code,Mathematical reason replaces mythology,Everything is set as a mathematical unknown until it is known,Requires rigorous formula calculations for reasoning。As Horkheimer and Adorno said,"For the Enlightenment,Cannot be reduced to a number,Or ultimately cannot be reduced to the One,It’s all fantasy”。So,Difference and diversity、Speciality and Contradiction、Historicity and transcendence have all disappeared under the dominance of the computing bet365 code,Evaluation standards are unified in quantity。
Equating knowledge with bet365 code,means more knowledge,The greater the bet365 code。Careful inspection can reveal,This view of knowledge contains a philosophy that never stops,“Its law is progress。What you couldn’t see yesterday is its goal today,And it will also become its starting point tomorrow”。Modern society is based on this philosophical concept,Enable an irreversible paradigm of progress to take root in its own foundation。On the one hand,The progressive paradigm has greatly promoted the development of modern civilization;On the other hand,Based on computing paradigm,The criterion for progress is simplified to continuous growth in quantity。This quantitative view of progress creates a self-denying ideology,Means become ends,People themselves are meaningless,Even as Nietzsche said,“Under the guise of progress,It will make people meaner”。
The principle of bet365 code and the principle of proliferation
As the computing paradigm and the progress paradigm penetrate into the entire construction of modernity,Mathematical reason as abstract identity logic to grasp the world,Becomes a new myth,presented as irresistible social compulsion,And promote the formation of new hierarchical forms in modern society。But,General ideas developed through inferential logic and their power in the conceptual realm,Must be based on realistic power。It was Marx who first revealed,The power domination relationship in the conceptual field only gains a secular foundation in reality with bet365 code as the medium。
The essence of the computing paradigm is to use "number" to eliminate all immeasurable things。In the capitalist market mechanism,“Number” in the computing paradigm is represented by abstract “exchange value”。Based on "exchange value",The exchange principle rooted in the computing paradigm is formed,And become the fundamental law for the operation of modern society。Marx pointed out,“No matter what form of personal expression the activity may take,No matter what characteristics the active product has,Activities and activity products are exchange values,That is, all personalities,A general thing in which all characteristics have been denied and eliminated"。Exchange value should be attached to the existence of commodities,But in bet365 code appreciation activities,Exchange value becomes the sole purpose of exchange behavior,All commodity production labor revolves around the principle of exchange,The different purposes of exchange behavior are unified in the pursuit of exchange value。The abstract form of exchange value acquires a standard scale of calculation with the maturity of the capitalist economic method,That is, currency as the incarnation of the symbol of exchange value。The emergence of currency has reached the peak of the tendency of "everything is dissolved in quantification" implicit in the computing paradigm。The purchasing power of money gives it absolute power in real life,And then transformed into the essential power of currency owners。Marx described this magic power of money in the "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844",“How powerful is money,How strong is my power。The characteristics of money are mine—the characteristics and essential power of the owner of money”,This is how money-bet365 code power arises。
In Marx’s view,bet365 code is the power that controls everything in bourgeois society,And this growth of power must be completed under the conditions of bet365 code proliferation。Proliferation as the nature of bet365 code,It is the product of the progressive paradigm acting on bet365 code。Under the rule of the progressive paradigm,“Quantitative multiplication” becomes the only principle to measure progress,The principle of proliferation becomes the force that enables the expansion of bet365 code’s power。The infinity of the progressive paradigm means that there is no "limit of satisfaction" for bet365 code growth,Therefore,bet365 code expansion becomes decisive、Dominant、The all-encompassing purpose。Marx told us,“bet365 code has only one instinct for life,This is multiplying itself,Create residual value,Use your own constant part, the means of production, to absorb as much surplus labor as possible”。To obtain residual value,Capitalists use strict calculation and management,Control specific production processes,This forms an unequal relationship between bet365 code and wage labor。If the capitalists’ control over wage workers is limited to a minority group in the field of production,Then the bet365 code circulation necessary for bet365 code proliferation makes the control of bet365 code power integral。The compulsory nature of bet365 code circulation enables bet365 code to establish its own production methods in all locations,Making them subject to the control of bet365 code power。bet365 code establishes a strong bet365 code community based on a rule that people generally abide by,In this community,All human activities must be carried out in accordance with the logic of bet365 code。
bet365 code domination as a metaphysical operation
Through the principle of exchange and the principle of proliferation,bet365 code practices the progressive paradigm and calculation paradigm of modern rational metaphysics in real life,The power of bet365 code rises to the universal power that dominates the entire society。In this power relationship,The relationship between labor and bet365 code has transitioned from "formal subordination" to "actual subordination",The relationship between people is abstracted into the "relationship between things",The metaphysical essence of bet365 code power is that “individuals are governed by abstraction”,Continuously manifesting in reality。
Marx pointed out in "Economic Manuscripts 1857-1858",“The individual is now ruled by abstraction,And they used to depend on each other。But,Abstract or concept,Nothing more than the theoretical expression of those material relations that govern individuals。Of course relationships can only be expressed in ideas,Therefore philosophers believe that the characteristic of the new era is that the new era is dominated by ideas,Thus, overthrowing this ideological dominance and creating free individuality are regarded as the same thing”。Visible,Marx realized,“Abstraction” has become a basic feature of capitalist society,bet365 code power dominates people’s real life。The reason why "abstraction" can become "rule",It is related to the nature of bet365 code。The infinite growth nature of bet365 code,Requires everything to be included in the abstract identity network of bet365 code logic。In bourgeois society,This abstract power becomes the overwhelming master,Under its tyranny,The relationship between people and things is reversed,Things are not controlled and used by people,But things in turn control and enslave people。Further explanation,"Abstract rule" is a reflection of the fetishism of bourgeois society。In capitalist society,The ubiquitous reign of abstract identity of the logic of bet365 code as the operation of metaphysical reality。This is because,The materialization of bet365 code creates material servitude to people,It becomes an independent subject to rule people。The most important social relationship is the production relationship,No longer directly manifested in interpersonal relationships of dominance and servitude,They disguise themselves,Hidden under the social relationship of things。Therefore,People are governed by the abstract identity of value-bet365 code,The reflection of this kind of rule in people’s consciousness is the concept of fetishism。
In short,“Individuals are ruled by abstraction” manifests itself as bet365 code’s domination of real life,The essence of its abstract ruling power is the tyranny of the principle of metaphysical abstract identity。With the support of rational metaphysics,bet365 code gains hegemony,And become the basis and standard for the liberation of modern people’s personality。However,The marriage of bet365 code and metaphysics,Putting up a false idol。The abstract and formal nature common to both,Make it a terrifying force that flattens all differences,All the edges and individuality of people have been smoothed,The world is completely unified。
(Author’s unit: School of Philosophy, Heilongjiang University)
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