March 22, the official website of Barcelona Autonomous University in Barcelona, ​​Spain, introduced a new study entitled "Imperialism in the World Economy: 1990-2015 to the consumption of southern countries through unequal exchange"，The result is a professor at the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology of the School、Jason Hickel, a senior visiting scholar at the Institute of International Injuuses of the School of Political Economics and Economics of the London Institute of Political Economics and Economics in the United Kingdom, and the Researcher of the Institute of Evolution and Cognition of Evolution and Cognitive (KLI), Austria, CHRISTIAN DORNENGER and others cooperate with people to complete。Researchers discovered，Northern countries seriously depend on the strength of resources to southern countries to develop themselves，Excessive resource consumption of northern countries has been passed on to southern countries; the loss of southern countries far exceeds the international assistance they get; inequality exchange is the main reason for underdeveloped and unequal global inequality。This reporter interviewed Hickel around the core content of this research。

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Historians have already pointed out，The rise of Western Europe is largely benefited from the large -scale colonial era forcibly plundering the natural resources and labor of southern countries。Spain seized the gold and silver of the Andes Mountains，Portugal won the sugar from Brazil，France obtains fossil fuel from West Africa、mineral、Agricultural Products，Get rubber from the Congo from the Congo，The United Kingdom has cotton from all colonies in the world、Opium、Grain、Wood、Tea and other products。All of these are based on the forced exploitation of labor forces in southern countries，Labor in the Southern Country is slavered in large scale。This strong occupation model plays a key role in the development of European industry，Also for Canada、Australia、New Zealand、The expansion and industrialization of European colonies in the United States provides important sources of funds，These settlement colonial countries also treat southern countries with similar imperialists。

bet365 live casino games For a period of time，A new "post -colonial innocence narrative" is popular，Its admirer announced，The world economy is "only talented" -has a stable system、Healthy market、Countries with sufficient labor will prosper and prosper，Lack of these qualities or poor governance、Correct countries will be trapped in poverty。This assumption constitutes a leading perspective in the field of international development，and reinforce it through remarks such as "free trade and internationalization created fair areas"。

but but，This kind of speech immediately attracted a lot of criticism。The 1960s and 1970s，Economists and historians who support the theory of dependence theory and world system theory proposes，The overall structure of the colonial economy is still working，The industrial growth of the northern countries in the Northern countries in the post -colonial era continues to rely on the resource occupation of resources in southern countries。Rich countries and monopoly companies use their geopolitics and business dominance in the world economy，Suppressing the resources and labor prices of southern countries at the national economic level and the global commodity chain。So，Southern countries every unit from the northern country of resources and labor，It is necessary to export the resources and labor of more units to the northern countries as remuneration，Northern countries have achieved "net occupation" through North -South trade (that is, without the same compensation without trade)。Marxist economist Arghiri Emmanuel and Samir Amin call this process "unequal exchange"。

"Une equal exchange" has caused value from southern countries to northern countries、The hidden transfer from the periphery to the center，There is no blatant compulsory compulsory for colonial machines among them，Therefore, it will not directly cause moral anger。Price is considered the result of "utility", "value" or "market mechanism" (such as supply and demand)，and cover up the decisive role of power inequality in global political economy。The price difference in international trade has become a significant feature of maintaining the colonial economy -an effective way to occupy the model，Undead -developed "fault" was passed on to the real victim。

2080s，With the rise of globalization，The manufacturing industry has been transferred to a large number of southern countries。Although most of the global industrial labor and industrial production Bet365 lotto review are mostly contributed by southern countries，But the occupation mode is still deeply。Northern countries' resources and labor occupation of southern countries include not only primary products，It also includes industrial finished products，such as a smart phone、Computer chip、Car、Fashion and intermediate components。The occupation is mainly through the global commodity chain。Enterprises in the northern countries use buyers to monopolize and seller monopoly，The bidding of the supplier of the southern country from mining to manufacturing，and set the final price as high as possible。

　　"Net occupation" is amazing

According to the introduction of Hickel，Some scholars have tried to estimate the currency value of the northern countries to occupy the resources of the southern countries through the "unequal exchange" method，The general method is to distort the north and south prices into consideration，Re -calculate the import income of southern countries to reflect its loss。Amin's research focuses on wages inequality，But it is impossible to consider other factors that may affect the overall price difference。Canadian scholar Gernot Kohler (MER) and purchasing power parity (PPP) are used as agency indicators for overall price differences，But this calculation method also has limitations，Will underestimate the loss of southern countries。

The bigger problem is，Existing methods usually estimate the loss of southern countries based on trade income and price differences，The actual product behind the monetization trade data is not involved。Traditional monetized data involves only trade products itself，Not included upstream investment for the production of trade products，The cost of upstream investment has a great impact on the trade price，and in the scattered global commodity chain，It may involve many countries。For example，A aircraft exported to developed countries mostly contain components imported from developing countries，Existing methods can calculate the price of these components，But the materials and labor costs used when developing components in developing countries cannot be calculated。

To break through the limitations of previous research，Hitel and others adopted a new method based on ecological economics and industrial ecology，By analyzing the input -output data analysis, quantitative inspection of the central and central materials of North and South Trade、Land、Energy、bet365 best casino games Labor and other conditions。This method will the upstream resources and labor for the trade products itself and the upstream resources and labor for the production and transportation of trade (such as the machine、Engineering、Infrastructure) At the same time, incorporate the calculation range。Footprint indicators make calculation upstream investment possible，This can be more reliable to evaluate price inequality in North -South trade，Maximize the comparability of the North and South Resources flow。

Analysis shows，1990-2015，The scale of labor and natural resources from southern countries to northern countries is huge scale。Only 2015，The scale of labor and natural resources from southern countries to northern countries is huge scale、822 billion hectares of land、21 Ai Jiao Energy and 392 billion hours of labor，The total value of these "net occupation" is as high as 10.78 trillion US dollars，accounting for 23%of the GDP of 2015 in the northern country。1990-2015，The total value of the "net occupation" of the southern countries in the northern country reached 24.241 trillion US dollars，24%of the GDP of the northern country。

In terms of value,，This "net occupation" caused great losses in southern countries。The raw materials they lost、Land、Energy and labor can be used to meet the population demand of the country，Cultivate national industrial production capacity。For example，21 Ai Jiao Energy is enough to cover the annual energy consumption of the necessary infrastructure in southern countries，to ensure that 6.5 billion people get decent housing、Public Transport、Medical and Health、Education、Communication and other services。822 billion hectares of land is theoretically enough to provide nutritious food for the population of about 6 billion people。

In the place of resource mining，"Net occupation" will bring severe ecological consequences。According to industrial ecology research，Each year global material resources mining and usage should not exceed 50 billion tons。But，87 billion tons of resources in 2015，is 1.74 times the highest; the per capita resource consumption of the northern countries in the northern countries was 26.71 tons，is 3.9 times the sustainable threshold。Hitel and others discovered，58%of the excessive resources consumed in the northern country came from "net occupation" for southern countries。"Modelism" (led by developed countries，Target to maximize benefits，Regardless of bet365 live casino games the ecological environment and resource sustainable economic activities) may also cause social disorder and conflict in resource enrichment areas in the southern country。

When the northern countries make a profit from the energy "net occupation"，Southern countries are undertaking climate loss。Most of the energy of "net occupation" belongs to fossil energy，is the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions。Most scientists set the safety threshold of the carbon dioxide concentration in the earth at the earth at the atmosphere of 350 to 400 of millions;，Northern countries are responsible for 92%of the excessive part。But，Death related to climate change，98%-99%occur in the southern countries; the loss caused by climate change，82%-92%from being endured by the southern countries。Another，Northern countries' "net occupation" of non -renewable energy sources may cause the southern countries to have no such resources in the future。

　Northern countries hunt more value

1990-2015，Price differences in North and South trade are usually attributed to the gap between productivity，That is，Higher labor productivity in these countries。Hickle and others challenged this view。Calculated in traditional methods，Labor productivity is determined by the actual productivity of the price instead of workers。For example，When a northern country rely on its monopoly position on the global commodity chain, the price of the country imported from foreign imports，When the price of the country's export products to foreign countries，The country's labor productivity seems to have risen，The labor productivity of its trading partners seems to have declined。In fact，There is evidence that the real productivity gap between workers is very small; "added value" indicates that it does not provide more value，but who has more power to control the price。On the global commodity chain，Duplene Trade (TIVA) indicates the place where the value is captured，Non -valuable location。This new study indicates，The value on the global commodity chain is more created by the southern countries，However, it is more hunting by the northern country。

Although the northern country's "net occupation" of southern countries is shocking，But they did not make compensation that matched it。According to the estimation of Hickle and others，1990-2015，The interests obtained from the "net occupation" in the northern country are 80 times the international aid funds provided by it。That is to say，Northern bet365 live casino games countries donate $ 1，It has accumulated a resource worth $ 80 through unequal exchange。Calculated for the recipient country，Southern countries receive a US $ 1 aid for each country，Lost resource worth $ 30。

Hickle said，This research can "cheer" to call for developing countries to pay "ecological debt" to developing countries。Northern countries should pay at least in accordance with the pollutants of the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization (OECD).，Compensation to the southern countries has the economy caused by its resources、Social and ecological loss。This can meet the development needs of southern countries，It can also reduce the excessive consumption of northern countries and the ecological destruction of its southern countries and the world。The data obtained from this study，Can be used as a reference range for the amount of compensation。other，When calculating the amount of compensation，You should also consider，Many losses suffered by the southern countries，If unparalleled resources, etc.，Nothing can only be measured by currency。Ecology is the basis of life，Money is not enough to repay the ecological debt。So，The corresponding compensation must be able to eliminate the unfair gap that can eliminate the resource allocation and burden of resource distribution and burden of north -south countries，Reconstruction an ecosystem that has been destroyed，and help southern countries transform to the renewable economy。

Hickle said to this reporter，There are obvious defects in the current international development model。In the "net occupation" system，Chase development cannot be achieved，From a physical perspective, it is impossible。For southern countries，higher efficiency、A better development policy is to focus on its own labor and production capacity to meet the needs of national nationals。

Hickle and others hope that this research can bring enlightenment to international development theory and practice。Developing countries are the world economic process under unequal conditions。So，Ensure that developing countries have the economy required to improve the quality of national life、Material and human resources is important。First，World Bank、International Monetary Fund Organization、Global economic governance agencies such as the World Trade Organization should accelerate their own democratization process，Strengthen the ability of southern countries bet365 live casino games to control trade and financial policies。Next，Northern countries should stop unfair subsidies for agricultural exports，Cancellation of additional conditions to aid loans to Southern countries。This helps reduce the downward pressure of wages and resource prices in southern countries，enable them to develop their own industrial production capacity。again，Establish a global living salary standard and environmental supervision system，It can also "support the bottom" for labor and resource prices。

Hitel also talked about，The possibility of the above reform from top to bottom is lower，Because this is contrary to the interests of the beneficiary of the current global economic structure。Structural changes must rely on political efforts from the bottom to top，Including anti -imperialism and anti -colonial movement、Environmental Justice Movement。At the same time，Southern countries need to use industrial and fiscal policy to consolidate economic sovereignty，Enhanced food and energy self -sufficient ability，Actively find import substitution，Maintaining regional unity and development stability。