In recent years，Domestic academic circles have sorted out and researched the concepts of "bank" and "central bank"，Basically clarify the origin of these words and their use in China、Japan、Spread and changes among Western countries。“bet365 promo codes” is written in English as bet365 promo codes or Specialized Bank，is the name of a credit institution corresponding to an ordinary bank，its generation、Interpretation and spread in China and Japan，The results are completely different。

"bet365 promo codes" in Modern Japan

The definition of “bet365 promo codes” in Japanese academic circles is not uniform。"Encyclopedia of Japan" (Shogakukan，1987) is more representative，The explanation is: “In order to promote colonial industry，Established under special law、Financial institutions that provide long-term funds，It is also a bank with special authority and special protection from the government。The idea of ​​a bet365 promo codes originated from Masayoshi Matsukata, who led the creation of the modern Japanese financial system，Matsukata is based on division of labor and cooperation，The idea of ​​a bet365 promo codes was first proposed in the 1881 "Financial Conference"。”

Actually，The word "bet365 promo codes" does not appear in the "Financial Discussion"。Before the establishment of the Bank of Japan (Japan’s central bank) in 1882，The only modern financial institution is Yokohama Shokin Bank，Mainly engaged in currency exchange and domestic banknote exchange，Suppressed by foreign financial institutions，Financial business is often in trouble。In response to this situation，1881，Masayoshi Matsukata, then Tibetan Prime Minister, wrote "Financial Discussion"，Proposed the idea of ​​establishing a central bank，And divide the central bank into the official cashier department、Three departments: General Sales Department and Foreign Exchange Department，Respectively responsible for government revenue and expenditure、Money supply and import and export trade，Trying to cooperate with each other，Jointly support Japan’s colonial industry。In the above financial scenario，He proposed two elements of "special banks" that were widely recognized by later scholars: First, special banks are government financial institutions，The second is a bet365 promo codes that is responsible for financial services in a specific field。Therefore，Matsukata Masayoshi and "Financial Discussion" are known as the earliest advocates and ideological sources of "special banks"。

　1887，According to Japanese government order，The Yokohama Shokin Bank, established in 1880, passed two special laws, the "Yokohama Shokin Bank Ordinance" and the "Yokohama Shokin Bank Charter"，Officially became a bet365 promo codes that maintains close relations with the government and accepts direct supervision by the government。This is the first bet365 promo codes in modern Japanese history，It operates under Zhengjin Bank’s own regulations and charter，Not subject to the Banking Ordinance (passed 1890，restrictions after multiple modifications。Afterwards，With the needs of Japan’s economic development、Gold standardization and overseas expansion，Special banks specializing in financial services in various fields have been established，For example, Japan Quanye Bank、Industrial Bank of Japan、Agricultural and Industrial Bank of Prefectures and Counties、Hokkaido Takushoku Bank，And the Bank of Taiwan, which served as the colonial “central bank”、Bank of North Korea, etc.。

　How to call this type of bank，Japan was not unified at that time，"bet365 promo codes", "bet365 promo codes", "bet365 promo codes" and other titles coexist。Seen so far，The earliest Japanese official banking legal document "Banking Regulations" (Ministry of Finance，1897) used the title "bet365 promo codes"；A little later，Words such as "bet365 promo codes" and "bet365 promo codes" are used in Japanese official documents and the "Annual Report of the Ministry of Finance"。In addition，At that time, the Ministry of Finance also had a special banking section，In charge of related affairs of this type of bank。About 1920s and later，The term "bet365 promo codes" is gradually being used by more official government documents and scholars。Based on search results of Japanese pre-war electronic books and newspapers，The most frequently used is "bet365 promo codes"，The second is “bet365 promo codes” and “bet365 promo codes”。After World War II，The use of “special banks” in Japanese academic circles has become a fixed practice。

　What exactly is “special” about “special banks”，What are its typical characteristics？Although early Japanese official documents and scholars' works use these words，But no detailed explanation was given。After Matsuzaki Hisashi wrote "On Special Banking" in 1923，Issues related to special banks are only now being widely discussed。Matsuzaki Hisashi、horse farm 锳一、Ishihama Chiyuki and other scholars from finance、Starting from different perspectives such as legal principles，undertaken a detailed analysis。Scholars agree that the typical characteristics of special banks have the following points: First, special banks are established according to the bank’s own special laws and are controlled by them，Not subject to the Banking Regulations that ordinary banks must follow；The second is special banks in funds、Personnel and other aspects have been protected and supported by the Japanese government and the Bank of Japan，Also accept its supervision and guidance。For example，The government directly subscribes for capital and bank bonds，Or special banks receive low-interest financial assistance from the government and the Bank of Japan when operating in difficulty，The government sends supervisors、Let banks submit various business statements and other forms on a regular basis，Supervision of banks and guidance on daily operations。The third is to adopt the principle of "separation of professions"，Each bet365 promo codes is responsible for financial services in a specific field，For example, Yokohama Shokin Bank is responsible for international trade finance，Japan Quanye Bank、Agricultural and Industrial Bank is responsible for real estate finance，Hokkaido Takushoku Bank is responsible for long-term loans in Hokkaido，Industrial Bank of Japan is responsible for cultivating industries and attracting foreign investment，The Bank of Taiwan and the Bank of Korea are two colonial banks under Japanese colonial rule。The fourth is to adopt the company’s approach to business operations，It is necessary to implement and complete the national financial policy，At the same time, we also pursue profits to the greatest extent，When there is a conflict between the two, the former takes precedence，The Japanese government provides assistance and compensation。The main points of disagreement among scholars are: First, the number of special banks，Which are the 7 mentioned above，Also add the Bank of Japan、9 savings banks in total；The second is whether the Banking Regulations are binding on smaller special banks。

"bet365 promo codes" is Japan as a late-developing capitalist country，When the domestic economy is not developed enough，Government actions adopted to combat the economic and financial repression of Europe and the United States and other countries and to develop the domestic economy。It has promoted the development of various fields of Japan’s domestic economy to a great extent，Some special banks also encouraged Japan’s aggression against neighboring countries。

The "bet365 promo codes" introduced to our country during the Republic of China

Late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China，Our country has also used terms such as "bet365 promo codes", "bet365 promo codes", "bet365 promo codes" and "specialized bank"，Used to refer to Japan’s special banks and some banks in our country at that time。

　1906，Oriental Magazine published a letter from Hunan Alternate Road to Governor Zhang Zhidong of Huguang，Used the term "bet365 promo codes" when describing what he learned and felt in Japan。He introduced Yokohama Shokin Bank in detail、Bank of Japan、The business and expertise of several Japanese “special banks” such as Agricultural and Industrial Bank，Advocates that our country should establish a similar bet365 promo codes，Safeguard national rights，And assist in the development of various industries，At that time, "Hunan Province was before the railway was completed，Business is unlikely to develop，When setting up a bank, please follow Japan’s advice、The system of promoting industry，Agriculture and industry for the purpose of road mining，As soon as the railway is completed，Expand again”。Xie Lin's "On Banking System" in 1910、In 1919, Jiang Tingxiang used words such as "privileged bank" and "bet365 promo codes" in his two books "New Theory of Banking"，Both of these two have studied in Japan。It can be seen from this，Words such as "bet365 promo codes" and "bet365 promo codes" were spread through people studying in Japan、Introduced to our country from Japan，And the people studying in Japan at that time recognized the positive role played by the bet365 promo codes。

After the Revolution of 1911，With the initiative of the central government and provincial governments，Hunan、Fujian、Jiangsu and other provinces have successively established banks specializing in financial services in a specific field，To promote finance to boost industry。"bet365 promo codes", "bet365 promo codes", etc. were originally used in translation、Vocabulary to review Japanese banks，Begins to be used in my country’s banking sector。1916，Zhang Tingjian in "On Banking"，Also using a bet365 promo codes、Special banks and other words，Based on bank organization and business scope，Divide banks into two categories: commercial banks and special banks。1918，Xu Cangshui went to Japan to conduct economic survey。Next year，He published "Observations on Special Banks"，Think China、Transportation、Banks such as Salt Industry adopt the principle of "separation of business"，"Each one has its own special regulations，Enjoy privileges，its business purpose，Department of industry，The purpose of its establishment，Special，So it’s better to call it a bet365 promo codes”。This is the clear definition of special banks given by Chinese scholars at that time。1923，Zhou Baoluan believes in his "History of Bank of China"，Special banks “established for special purposes，Receive special protection from the state，Operating special business，Maybe it has the power to issue banknotes as an agent of the treasury”。Afterwards，bet365 promo codes、Special banks and other titles are beginning to be used frequently，bet365 promo codes、Words such as professional banks are also occasionally used。In terms of specific categories，Bank of Communications、Salt Bank、Supian Bank、Xinghua Huiye Bank and other major banks operating in specific fields have been included in the scope of special banks。

Until Japan launches a full-scale war of aggression against China，bet365 promo codes、bet365 promo codes、bet365 promo codes、Professional banks and other titles are commonly used in newspapers and academic works。Comments on the development situation of Japanese special banks、Explain the positive role of establishing special banks in China、Discuss the pros and cons of developing special banks，Became one of the focuses of the financial community at that time。Wang Jingyu, a scholar of contemporary financial history in my country, in his early research，Once translated "bet365 promo codes" into "Specialized Bank"。Afterwards，In the preface he wrote for Guo Yuqing's book "Modern Japanese Bank Financial Activities in China—Yokohama Shokin Bank (1894-1919)" (People's Publishing House, 2007 edition)，The term "bet365 promo codes" is used。

It can be seen through the comparative analysis of books and newspaper materials during the Republic of China，A series of titles for special banks in our country at that time，The vocabulary originates from Japan，Originally used to translate and introduce the development status of the Japanese banking industry，Later began to be used in my country’s banking sector。In terms of the criteria for special banks，Our country is basically the same as Japan，That is, special banks correspond to ordinary banks、Financial institutions that mainly operate in a specific field。In addition，The academic circles at that time also recognized the role of Japan’s special banks in promoting economic development，And in view of our country’s backward economic and social conditions，Proposed to establish a bet365 promo codes、Cancel competition between special banks and ordinary banks、Increase communication between special banks、Opinions and suggestions on correcting the disadvantages。

The difference between “bet365 promo codes banks” in China and Japan

　While “special banks” spread from Japan to China in modern times，The connotation and essence are completely different。In modern Japan，“bet365 promo codes” has an extremely close relationship with the government。The bet365 promo codes was established under the direct leadership and support of the Japanese government，When it encounters difficulties，The Bank of Japan will be quick、Provide low-interest loans to help many times；The government subscribes capital、Issuing orders and instructions, etc.，Direct intervention in its operating policies and specific businesses，To ensure the smooth flow of government orders。For example，Senior officials from the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Japan often serve as chairman of special banks、General manager and other important positions。The number of bet365 promo codes groups is relatively fixed，Each bet365 promo codes adheres to the principle of "separation of business"，Clear professional division of labor，Basically complementary businesses with ordinary banks。It can be said，Before the war, Japan had already formed a relatively complete "special banking system"，The Japanese government’s financial policies are effectively implemented through special banks。For this reason，After the end of World War II，GHQ recognizes that many special banks directly implement Japanese government instructions，Even when Japan invaded and expanded abroad，Still actively implementing the government’s foreign financial policy。So，Issue the "Memorandum on Special Banks" (June 1948)、"Abolition of the Old Special Banking System" (December 1950) and other documents，Through direct dissolution, liquidation and reorganization，The special banking system of modern Japan was abolished。

And entering modern times, China is poor and weak，Reduced into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society，The chronic lack of a strong central government。Coupled with the economic decline caused by frequent wars and other reasons，As well as factors such as its vast territory and large population，Making policy implementation more difficult，This resulted in the slow development and limited role of “special banks” in modern China。Although during the Republic of China, under the advocacy of governments at all levels，There are many special banks at all levels and types established，But they are often just superficial。The late Qing government and the Republic of China government failed to issue special bills and regulations related to special banks，Provide legal support from the government level，Not to mention institutionalization，It is also difficult to provide rapid and effective financial support and supervision when banks face difficulties。This situation has caused national policies to become mere formalities，The "bet365 promo codes" is too commercial in nature。Therefore，Although the original intention of the Republic of China government was to try to imitate Japan's "bet365 promo codes" system，Strengthen the close relationship between finance and various economic sectors，In order to revitalize the economy，But its effect is very weak。

(The author is an associate researcher at the Institute of History, Tianjin Academy of bet365 promo codes)