In recent years，The domestic academic community has combed and studied the concepts such as "banks" and "central banks"，Basically clarify the origin of these words and in China、Japan、spread and change between Western countries。"Special Bank" English writing Special Bank or Specialized Bank，The name of a credit institution corresponding to ordinary banks，It produces、Interpretation and spread in China and Japan，The result is completely different。

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The definition of "special banks" in the Japanese academic community is not uniform。"Japan Encyclopedia" (Primary School，1987) is more representative，Its explanation is: "In order to promote colonial industry，Established according to the Special Law、Financial institutions that provide long -term funds，At the same time, it is a bank that has special permissions and specially protected by the government。Special banking concepts originated from Songfang justice that led the establishment of a modern Japanese financial system，Songfang based on division of labor，In 1881, the "Financial Bill" first proposed the idea of ​​special banks。”

Actually，The word "special bank" does not appear in "Financial Bill"。Before the establishment of Bank of Japan (Central Bank of Japan) in 1882，Only Yokohama Gold Bank, a modern financial institution，Main business exchange and domestic banknotes exchange，Suppressed by foreign financial institutions，Financial business is often trapped in dilemma。For this situation，1881，The then Tibetan Matsushita Writing "Financial Administration"，The idea of ​​establishing a central bank was proposed，and the central bank is divided into official funds、The three departments of the General Sales Department and the Foreign Exchange Department，Responsible for government revenue and expenditure、Currency supply and import and export trade，Try to cooperate with each other，Commonly supports Japan's colonial industry。In the above financial vision，He proposed two elements of "special banks" widely recognized by later scholars: First, special banks are government -based financial institutions，Second, special banks are responsible for financial business in a specific field。Therefore，Song Fang bet365 live casino games justice and the "Financial Bill" are the earliest advocates and sources of ideas and sources of ideas of "special banks"。

1887，According to the Japanese government's decree，Established in 1880, Yokohama Gold Bank passed the two special laws of the "Yokohama Gold Bank Regulations" and "Yokohama True Gold Bank Articles of Association，Special banks that have officially become closely related to the government and accept direct supervision of the government。This is the first special bank in modern Japanese history，It operates in accordance with the regulations and charter of the Golden Bank，Not subject to the "Banking Regulations" (passed in 1890 passed，Modified after multiple times) restrictions。Since then，With the needs of Japanese economic development、Golden principalization and overseas expansion，Special banks that are responsible for financial business in various fields have been established one after another，For example, Japan Persuasion Bank、Japan Industrial Bank、Each government and county agricultural industry bank、Hokkaido Polyzon Bank，and Bank of Taiwan, which acts as the "Central Bank" of the colony、Bank of North Korea, etc.。

How to call this kind of bank，At that time, Japan was not uniform，"Special Bank", "Special Bank", "Special Bank" and other titles coexist。What I see at present，The earliest Japanese official bank legal documents "Bank Regulations" (Daizang Province，1897) The title of "Special Bank" was used; a little later，Japanese official documents and "Tibetan Provincial Annual Report" uses "special banks" and "special banks" and other vocabulary。other，At that time, there were special banking lessons in the Greater Tibetan province，Affairs of such banks such as such banks。After the 1920s,，The word "special bank" is gradually gradually used by more government documents and scholars。According to the retrieval results of the pre -war e -books and newspapers in Japan，The most frequently used is "Special Bank"，Followed by "Special Bank" and "Special Bank"。After World War II，The "special bank" in the Japanese academic community has become a fixed formula。

Where is the "special bank" "special bank"，What is its typical characteristics? Early Japanese official documents and scholars' works used these vocabulary，but did not give a detailed explanation。After 1923 Songsaki Shou's writing "Special Bank theory"，Related issues related to special banks were discussed extensively。Bet365 lotto review Matsuzaki、Racecourse、Shibin Zhixing and other scholars from finance、Starting from different angles such as jurisprudence，A detailed analysis was performed。The typical characteristics of scholars identify with special banks have the following points: First, special banks are established according to the bank's own special law and subject to their restraint，The restrictions on the "Bank Regulations" that are not must be followed by ordinary banks; second, special banks are in funds、Personnel and other aspects have been protected and supported by the Japanese government and the Bank of Japan，At the same time, it also accepts its supervision and guidance。For example，The government directly subscribes to capital and bank bonds，or special banks accept the low -interest fund assistance from the government and the Bank of Japan when operating difficulties，The government is dispatched by the supervisor、Let the bank submit a regular business statement and other forms，Supervision and daily operations of the bank。Third, the principle of "dividingism" is adopted，Each special bank is responsible for financial business in a specific field，For example, Yokohama Gold Bank is responsible for international trade finance，Japan Persuasion Bank、Agricultural Bank of China is responsible for real estate finance，Hokkaido Poland Bank is responsible for long -term loans from Hokkaido，Japan Industrial Bank is responsible for cultivating industries and attracting foreign capital，Bank of Taiwan and North Korea are two colonial banks under the colonial rule of Japan。Fourth, the method of using a strain club in operation，It is necessary to implement and complete the national financial policy，At the same time, pursuing profits to the greatest extent，The former is preferred when the two have contradictions，The Japanese government gives this aid and compensation for this。The differences in the differences of scholars are: First, the number of special banks，Is it 7 in the aforementioned，Still Bank of Japan、There are 9 savings banks; the second is whether the "Bank Regulations" have a binding force on smaller special banks。

"Special Bank" is Japan as a post -capitalist country，Under the circumstance where the domestic economy is not developed，Government behavior adopted in order to fight against the economic and financial suppression and development of the domestic economy to fight against Europe and the United States。It has largely promoted the development Bet365 app download of various fields of domestic economy in Japan，Some special banks have also promoted Japan's aggression on neighboring countries。

The "Special Bank" introduced into our country during the Republic of China 

In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China，my country has also used vocabulary such as "Special Bank", "Special Bank", "Special Bank", "Professional Bank"，It is used to call Japan's special banks and some banks in my country at that time。

1906，"Oriental Magazine" published a post from Governor Zhang Zhidong, Governor Zhang Zhidong, Hunan Halfly，The word "Special Bank" was used when I felt that I felt what I learned to learn to Japan。​​He introduced in detail Yokohama Gold Bank、Bank of Japan、Agricultural Bank of China, including the business and expertise of "Special Bank" in Japan，It advocates that my country should set up similar special banks，Maintenance of national interest，and assist the development of various industries，At that time, "When the railway was not completed when the Hunan Province was completed，Commercial is difficult to develop，Establishing banks should be used to adapt to Japan、System of Industrial，Affairs for the purpose of road mines also also operates agricultural workers，俟 Railway after the railway，Further expansion "。1910 Xie Lin’s "Bank System Theory"、In 1919, Jiang Tingxiang used the two books of "Bank of the Bank" to use "privileged banks" and "special banks" and other words，And both of them have studied in Japan。This can be seen，"Special Bank" and "Special Bank" and other vocabulary are through the dissemination of the staff of the Japanese、It was introduced from Japan to our country，and the positive effects of the staff of the restaurant at that time recognized the special bank。

After the Revolution of 1911，Under the advocacy of the central government and provincial governments，Hunan、Fujian、Jiangsu and other provinces successively set up a bank with a special field of financial business，To promote finance to boost the industry。"Special Bank", "Special Bank", etc. It was originally used for translation、Jiejiejie Japanese Bank's Vocabulary，Started in my country's banking industry。1916，Zhang Tingjian in "Bank theory"，Special banking at the same time、Special Banks and other vocabulary，Based on bank organization and business scope，Divide banks into two categories of commercial banks and special banks。1918，Xu Cangshui went to Japan to conduct an economic survey。The following year，He published "Observation of Special Bank"，Think bet365 best casino games of China、Traffic、Salt Industry and other banks adopt the principle of "divisionism"，"Everyone must have special regulations，Enjoy privilege，Its business purpose，Series of dividing industry，And its establishment purpose，Special，Therefore, it is better to say that special banks "。This was a clear definition of Chinese scholars at that time to special banks。1923，Zhou Yizhen believes in his "History of the Bank of China"，Special banks "set up special purpose，Protection of the special country，Business special business，Or the right to agreed with the Treasury with the issuance of banknotes "。Since then，Salt Industry Bank、Special banks and other names have begun to use frequently，Special Bank、Professional banks and other vocabulary also use occasional use。In the specific classification，Bank of Communications、Salt Industry Bank、Big Crimson Bank、Several large banks in Xinghuahui Bank and other specific fields are all included in the scope of special banks。

Until Japan launched a full -scale war in China，Salt Industry Bank、Special Bank、Special Bank、Professional banks and other titles are common in newspaper and academic works。Jiejiejie's development situation of Japanese special banks、Explaining the positive role of the establishment of a special bank in China、Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the development of special banks，Become one of the focus of the financial industry at that time。Wang Jingyu, a contemporary financial history scholar in my country, in his early research，translated "Special Bank" into "Professional Bank"。Since then，He is in the book "Bank of Japan's Bank of Japan in China in China in China in China -Yokohama's Financial Activities -Yokohama Taka -Names Bank (1894-1919)" (2007 edition of People's Publishing House)，The word "special bank" is used。

By comparative analysis of books and newspapers in the Republic of China, it can be visible，At that time, a series of titles for special banks in my country，The source of its vocabulary is Japan，Originally used to translate and introduce the development status of the Japanese banking industry，Later, began to use it to the banking industry in my country。In terms of judgment standards of special banks，my country is also basically the same as Japan，That is, special banks correspond to ordinary banks、Financial institutions that mainly operate a specific field。other，At that time, the academic community also Bet365 lotto review recognized the booster of Japanese special banks for economic development，and target my country's backward economic and social conditions，Proposal to add special banks、Cancel the competition between special banks and ordinary banks、Add communication between special banks、Correct views and suggestions for disadvantages and suggestions。

Different "special banks" in China and Japan 

"Special Bank" has been circulating from Japan to China in modern times，Its connotation and essence have been completely different。In modern Japan，"Special Bank" has a close relationship with the government。Special banks are set up with the direct dominance and support of the Japanese government，When it encounters difficulties，Bank of Japan will quickly、Provide low -interest loans for help; while the government subscribe for capital、Awarding the order and instruction files, etc.，Direct intervention of its business policy and specific business，To ensure the smoothness of the decree。For example，Senior officials of the Grand Tibetan Province and the Bank of Japan often serve as chairman of special banks、General Manager and other important positions。The number of special bank groups is relatively fixed，Special banks adhering to the principle of "divisionism"，Professional division of labor clear，Basically forms a business complementarity with ordinary banks。It can be said，Pre -war Japan has formed a relatively complete "special banking system"，The financial policy of the Japanese government can be effectively implemented through special banks。Also because of this，After the end of World War II，Alliance (GHQ) realized that many special banks are directly executing the Japanese government instructions，Even when the expansion of Japanese aggression is expanded，Still actively implementing the government's foreign financial policy。So，issued "Memorandum on Special Banks" (June 1948)、"Abolition of the Old Special Banking System" (December 1950) and other documents，Through direct dissolution and cleanup and reorganization，Abolishment of special banking system in modern Japan。

and the poverty and weakness of China's poverty，Beginning to a semi -colonial semi -feudal society，Long -term lack of strong central government。Coupled with the economic decline brought about by frequent wars and other reasons，and factors such as vast and population，As a result, policy implementation is more difficult，Then Bet365 lotto review lead to the slow development of "special banks" in modern China and limited effects。Although the Republic of China was advocated under the advocacy of governments at all levels，Various special banks at all levels set up more，But often there is a table。The Government of the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China failed to introduce special special banks related bills and regulations，Legal support from the government level，Different institutionalization，It is difficult to make rapid and effective financial support and supervision when facing difficulties in the bank。This situation has caused national policy to flow in form，The nature of the commercial bank of "Special Bank" is too strong。Therefore，Although the original intention of the Republic of China government is to try to follow the "special bank" system in Japan，Strengthen the close relationship between finance and economic departments，to revitalize the economy，But its role is very weak。

(Author is an associate researcher at the Institute of History of Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences)