Although the term "scientific novel" in the Chinese context was proposed twenty years earlier than Hugo Gernsback proposed the term "Scientificiton" in the United States，However, the awakening of Chinese bet365 voucher’s genre consciousness was not until the late 1970s。On the one hand, Chinese bet365 voucher tried to break away from the increasingly narrow triple management system of "science and literature and art - science popularization - bet365 voucher novels" at that time；On the other hand，I am quite confused about how to position myself in the free world after getting rid of the shackles。Quest for “What is Chinese bet365 voucher”，It has lingered for a long time in the development of China’s bet365 voucher cause and industry for nearly half a century。

Unfinished bet365 voucher of the 1980s

The group of Chinese bet365 voucher writers at the beginning of reform and opening up，Actually only reached consensus on one thing，That is, the current situation of Chinese bet365 voucher should have a new perspective、Own、The face of independence。Xiao Jianheng used "creative tools" to criticize the writing methods that had become stereotyped at that time。Zheng Wenguang pointed out the embarrassment of the positioning of scientific literature and art: "The scientific community considers it a literary and artistic work；Artists，Think it’s science，Turns out to be a fairy tale bat: the birds say it looks like a mouse，It’s a beast；Beasts say it has wings，It’s a bird。”(“The flower of science and literature and art should be carefully cultivated”) But，Even constructive voices from within the bet365 voucher writer community，Also encounter criticism from time to time。For example，After Tong Enzheng won the "National Best Short Story Award" for "Death Light on the Coral Island"，An attempt to identify bet365 voucher as a type of "plot fiction"，Thus getting rid of its previous rough positioning as "a genre of popular science creation"。Zheng Wenguang quickly pointed out，This is actually incorporating a “big genre” like “Star Wars” that has “no science at all” into bet365 voucher，This "is just a work that uses other planets to tell some bizarre stories，It is not what we should imitate” ("Miscellaneous Talks on Science, Literature and Art")。

From the perspective of the development history of bet365 voucher in China，The Enlightenment logic inherited from the era of Liang Qichao and Lu Xun，And the undistinguished “scientism” in it，There is still a continuation in bet365 voucher creation in this period，Theoretical discourse introduced from the Soviet Union in the 1950s，Still partially edited、The author regards it as a model。Chinese bet365 voucher writers in the late 1970s，Same as the many "isms" and "schools" that advocated self-innovation in the Chinese literary world at that time，Standing at a criss-crossing crossroads。Under the guidance of the ideological emancipation and enlightenment debate trends at that time，A series of major theoretical concepts including "science", "fantasy" and "reality" were repeatedly discussed；Foreign bet365 voucher movies and TV shows、The huge impact of the novel has not yet been fully digested，The brewing "cyberpunk" wave is also difficult to arouse domestic response；Although the local bet365 voucher creative team is growing，But there is still a lack of truly outstanding representative works。

In this context，The mentality of Chinese bet365 voucher writers is quite subtle。The previous bet365 voucher genre relied on popular science、The grand narrative system of scientific and even cultural enlightenment，Gained strong legitimacy。After more than half a century of development，This legitimacy is gradually regarded as a constraint on bet365 voucher creation，But how to get rid of this constraint，Theoretical discussions and creative practices at that time failed to come up with effective solutions。For example，Echoes Zheng Wenguang’s stance of resistance to “Star Wars”，Yip Yonglie, who is famous for his role in "The Future of PHS"，Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, I had to struggle to respond to criticisms of his "pursuit of personal fame and fortune" and "excessive marketization"。

At that time，Except for Ye Yonglie’s “thrilling bet365 voucher” and other sub-genres that are obviously aimed at the popular reading market，Chinese bet365 voucher writers who are in the process of exploration have also tried in many directions。Tong Enzheng believes that bet365 voucher should "promote a scientific outlook on life"；Xiao Jianheng believes that bet365 voucher can "arouse readers' concern about science、Interests and Hobbies”；Zheng Wenguang proposed，bet365 voucher can play the role of a "refractor"，Discuss social issues，And finally proposed "bet365 voucher realism"；Liu Xingshi introduced Western bet365 voucher classification，Creatively view bet365 voucher as "the continuation of realistic scientific research"。In these thoughts and discussions，There are also "bat theory", "two concepts", "hard bet365 voucher and soft bet365 voucher", "social bet365 voucher" and other local characteristics、Views that influence today。

Despite these authors’ extensive attempts，But judging from its actual creative achievements and influence，Chinese bet365 voucher, at least at the time, did not completely reverse the stereotypes framed by "PHS"。Really worthy of note and indeed formed a certain degree of recognition，It is a group of bet365 voucher writers exploring in a series、The spiritual temperament displayed in the debate and self-confession: "We deeply feel the weight of the burden that history has placed on our shoulders" (Tong Enzheng's "New Year's Expression")，"On this heap of material and spiritual rubble，Cultivation and creation of a new generation of socialists” (Zheng Wenguang’s “Three Children Go to Snake Island”)。These are true portrayals of the psychology of this generation of bet365 voucher writers。Their enthusiastic attempts、Thinking and Creating，And to science、The pursuit of fantasy and the modern future of mankind，Infected generations of readers。Liu Cixin calls himself “the first generation of bet365 voucher fans”，Recalling these early authors in "The Lost Stream" he said: "They really meant to do it。”

Chinese bet365 voucher growing up in the process of modernization

　1902，At the beginning of China’s modernization process，Liang Qichao in the advertisement "China's only literary newspaper "New Novels"" published in "Xinmin Congbao"，For the first time, "scientific novels" are defined in the Chinese context: "Scientifically using novels to invent philosophy and pass the exam。”“Gezhixue” is today’s science，In Liang Qichao's eyes, it has the possibility of "one or two people controlling the world" ("On the power of academics to control the world")。But his imagination and advocacy，After reaching the peak of enthusiasm very quickly，Soon to be put aside。Similar scenes，It happened again and again later。bet365 voucher always becomes famous after becoming famous，quickly left the center of the stage。These ideas、Create and explore，For nearly a century，Can’t really move towards practice，The specific reasons come from many aspects。

First of all, the legitimacy of "fantasy" has never been fully demonstrated，This is the direct dilemma faced by Chinese bet365 voucher when establishing its own literary and cultural characteristics。Actually，Over a long period of time，When talking about bet365 voucher，“Fantasy” often appears as the opposite of what the theorist intends to manifest。When based on science，“Fantasy” is regarded as “sub-scientific” or even “non-scientific” literary fiction；When based on literature，“Fantasy” is regarded as “unreality”，Even something inferior that is close to “absurd” and “escapism”。Wang Furen pointed out very insightfully when evaluating the rise and fall of Chinese bet365 voucher in the 1990s，Chinese cultural tradition inherently “emphasizes reality、The tradition of light fantasy，And fantasy itself also needs to be "transformed into the will to transform objective reality"，In order to gain the possibility of practice。As for these formulations、Acceptance and critical update of concepts，You need to wait until 2015 when "sci-fi realism" comes back to the forefront。

Secondly, the universalization and dailyization of "science" are still being explored at this stage，This is the most important reason that limits people’s impression and acceptance of bet365 voucher。If and only if science becomes an integral part of daily life experience，It is possible to experience and appreciate it。Same，Only disruptive innovation closely related to technology、After the underlying logical evolution of social ethics and philosophical concepts is widely accepted，bet365 voucher can only find the soil for its growth in popular culture。This is why early bet365 voucher writers almost all came from the front line of scientific research or have been engaged in science popularization closely related to the forefront of science and technology for a long time、Journalism reasons。2023，Director Guo Fan said in an interview，The success of the "Wandering Earth" movie series is closely related to the emergence of cutting-edge major scientific and technological achievements such as China's aerospace industry。In this sense，The prosperity of bet365 voucher culture must be related to a country、The degree of modernization of a region or nation is closely related。

The last and fundamental reason is the development of bet365 voucher genre and even culture，Essentially an unfinished component of modern human culture。When we cannot imagine a way to truly adapt to China、The future world picture of other third world countries and even all mankind，bet365 voucher naturally lacks soil to take root in China。Chinese bet365 voucher’s pursuit over the past century、Collision and evolution，Directly shows that mankind has started from the European Enlightenment、Many unfinished modern explorations that began during the Romantic period。When submarines become a regular underwater vehicle for the military，Verne's "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" has lost its spectacle；When the Internet becomes a universal infrastructure in cities，“Cyberpunk” has also ushered in its decline。The most imaginative bet365 voucher writer，They are just a slightly sensitive group in the modernization process，They are just on the eve of a new era，Constructing stories in the experimental field of social sectors - but they know it，The only constant in the technological era，Only the change itself。

Chinese bet365 voucher motif with local characteristics

The biggest change facing world bet365 voucher today is that its center seems to be undergoing a second shift。In European bet365 voucher、After American bet365 voucher，Chinese-style bet365 voucher is forming a strong cultural influence along with the process of Chinese-style modernization。In more than a hundred years of tortuous exploration，Chinese bet365 voucher is an accompaniment of the Enlightenment discourse in the late Qing Dynasty，Becoming an elite subculture phenomenon at the intersection of science and culture，Today, it has once again become an ideological resource and cultural force accepted by the public。Present，Three types of bet365 voucher themes with strong local characteristics are gradually forming new traditions and demonstrating their power。

The first is a Chinese-style writing about the future of mankind in the scientific era。Same as Marxist criticism and absorption of utopian socialism，After Chinese bet365 voucher authors created a small number of imitative utopian stories in the late Qing Dynasty，Basically gave up the panoramic description of the ideal social system and technological development。The young Lu Xun was keenly aware of it，There cannot be a perfect、Static future，He wrote in "Journey to the Moon: Discrimination"，Even in a future world where interstellar colonization becomes a daily routine，Disputes still exist，“Although the great unity of the earth can be expected，And the war on the planet has begun again”。It is in this kind of development and competition，"The Yellow Clan，It can be prosperous”。The future Chinese bet365 voucher is writing the future，Often written in a targeted manner on how to "reach" the future through scientific means。bet365 voucher authors are even willing to focus these imaginations and descriptions on very specific method innovations、Industry breakthroughs or technical ideas，bet365 voucher thus becomes a way to make up for the shortcomings of reality。Similar creations also appeared in South America、Among a series of former colonies or third world countries in Southeast Asia。These works can get rid of the grand narratives common in European and American bet365 voucher，On the premise of mutual learning among civilizations，Describing a future where differences and opportunities coexist。

The second is imagination as a modern scientific aesthetic practice，It is embodied in the writing of "new people fully armed with science"。This direction is the proper meaning of bet365 voucher creation，But in Europe and America，Often subject to the binary opposition between science and religion，This narrative mode even once monopolized human imagination space for future scenes。Chinese bet365 voucher is precisely after accepting the natural legitimacy of science，Be able to stand on a scientific standpoint without reservation，To observe and appreciate the aesthetics、Issues of ethics and personality。Liu Cixin’s series of works are among the best，For example, "Country Teacher" successfully stood on the standpoint of alien technology，Redefining the image of “teacher”，Created a very iconic modern technological aesthetic conception。What’s more important，This direction is constantly updated with the connotation and extension of "popular science"，Getting a more contemporary expression。General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed in his reply to representatives of academicians and experts of “Science and China” on July 20, 2023，Science popularization and technological innovation are closely linked，“Widely disseminate scientific knowledge、Promote the spirit of science，Played a very good role in promoting the popularization of science”。This makes popular science and bet365 voucher accessible from a simple perspective、Freed from the dissemination of mechanical knowledge，Experience with imagination、Immersive experience depicts the ever-changing cultural spirit and ideal personality in the context of science and technology。

Finally, the direction of “glazed tiles on Mars” as cultural practice。A bet365 voucher imagination based on China’s historical and mythological resources，Existed since the late Qing Dynasty。But after nearly a century of exploration and attempts，A group of young authors in the 1990s responded to this proposition with "There are no glazed tiles on Mars"，I think that many of the existing creations have ended up as simple appropriations、Collage，It is a waste of traditional cultural resources，It also deviates from the cultural spirit of modern science，So it is not a feasible direction。In recent years，This idea has regained attention among overseas Chinese writers，A number of relatively popular works have appeared，For example, "Happy Hunting" by Liu Yukun、"Iron Widow" by Zhao Xiran, etc.，They are generally classified as the "silk punk" genre。Domestic authors have given up on simple appropriation of traditional Chinese cultural themes，Gradually begin to return to the deep-seated cultural spirit in Chinese cultural tradition、Philosophical concept、Narrative method，Some authors tend to explore the modern "new tradition" that was gradually born at the intersection of China's local culture and modern science and technology since the late Qing Dynasty。In this direction，Produced a series of highly exploratory stylized works such as "Kite of Jinan", "Galaxy of Seven Kingdoms", "Cyber ​​Heroes" and "Apocalypse"。

An extremely interesting phenomenon is，As a method that can eliminate human cultural differences to the greatest extent、A genre that points to common technology and the future，bet365 voucher often becomes a cultural space for sci-fi people from different cultural backgrounds to rediscover their “origins”。Guo Fan is communicating with Hollywood，Gradually realize the sense of home naturally contained in "The Wandering Earth"，This is the emotional threshold for this series of movies to "break out of the circle" and officially reach the public。Present，Chinese bet365 voucher is becoming more and more involved、A cultural practice space that has an increasingly wider impact。Except for the more hardcore core bet365 voucher，Visual style、Aesthetic elements、bet365 voucher with diverse background settings is also being created。Start again and again，It means that Chinese bet365 voucher is not only "embedded" into today's Chinese culture，And it has become a strong source of innovation power。It is precisely because the development of Chinese bet365 voucher is closely accompanied by the process of China’s modernization，Current Chinese bet365 voucher creators represented by Liu Cixin，More than a single hero，It is the contemporary nature of cultural and historical development、Group results。

(The author is an associate researcher at the School of bet365 voucher and Journalism, Sichuan University)