"Standardous" historical development category

History concept includes historical philosophy、Historical Materials Concept and Historical Compilation Method。Historical philosophy words，Zhang Yinlin's most important insights are now in "The General Settlement of Traditional Historical Philosophy" and "On the Selection of Historical Facts and Comprehensive"。His important contributions are two aspects: First, "Decision and disadvantages" of traditional historical philosophy。Zhang Yinlin divides the rules of traditional historical philosophers into five categories: historical planning and purpose、History Cycle Law、History "Dialectics"、The cause and effect law of historical evolution law and cultural changes，and correspond to different historical philosophy。His view of purpose for purpose、Circle History View、Dialectical History View、Evolution History View、Ideal History View、Material History View、The view of climate history and the historical view of the character have been identified and explained，Especially for a sharp criticism of the master who regards Hegel as the concept of history,。

The second is to summarize the category of historical development。He believes that history is not only Bet365 lotto review "description of a temporary quiet structure"，and is a "record of change"。He summarizes it as the two major categories of cause and effect and development，The scope of development includes three small categories of "directed", "evolution" and "contradiction"。He also admits that these four categories cannot cover all historical facts in history，The historical facts outside these categories are historical accidents。For accidental，From the perspective of history itself and human cognition, it is divided into two types: "ontology" and "recognition"，The task of historians is to minimize the "acquaintance accident" in history as much as possible。

　　Standards for "Pen"

Observation of historical materials，Zhang Yinlin's insight is now in "On the Past and Future of History"，The standard for "brush" is proposed。The so -called "stroke" is also tailoring，How to choose historical events in historical writing。History is originally in historical materials，The standard of "pen cutting" is to select the standard of historical materials。Generally speaking，The criterion for "pen cutting" is that the importance of historical events is too virtuous，Therefore, Zhang Yinlin proposed a more specific standard: new difference、effective、Cultural value、Training function and status status origin。

Zhang Yinlin also recognizes the limitations of historical materials。He believes that the restrictions of historical materials are absolute、Relative division。Absolute restrictions include the scope of observation、Observer、Observation status、The situation of observation、Perception、Memory、Record tool、Observer's moral、Quantity of evidence、Chuan Zhe、Dead。Relatively restrictions include errors caused by absolute restrictions、Pseudo -book and pseudo -notice、Historian misunderstandings of historical materials、Explanation of facts。For this，The situation listed by Zhang Yinlin is specific bet365 live casino games for details，But there are also the disadvantages of trivial and cross -repetitive。

The limitations of historical materials，Zhang Yinlin tried to reduce、overcome。He believes that with the development of science and historical research，The increase in historical researchers and the fineness of division of labor will reduce relative restrictions。Absolute limit will also be due to the development of education、Popularity of printing、The prosperity of the library museum is reduced and reduced。He particularly values ​​the huge value of newspapers as historical materials。other，He proposed a "historical visit system"，Call for the sympathy and sponsorship of society，Organization academic group，Observe and record the current human activities according to scientific methods to preserve modern historical materials。From this perspective，Zhang Yinlin can be said to be a pioneer in advocating "public history"。

through "Special Bo"、Pursue "True Beauty"、Taking into account "elegant vulgar"

Zhang Yinlin's historical compilation method is not only more discussion in academic theory，It is also reflected in its historical research and general history compilation。First，He emphasizes penetrating "specialization" and "Bo"。Bogou Tong is originally a tradition of history，But with the trend of "Western learning east"，Traditional history has moved towards the road of specialization research。Zhang Yinlin believes that "viewing history" has diamond view、Looking at、Three methods of horizontal view。Diamond View、horizontal view is biased "special"，and look at "Bo"。This corresponds to different historical compilation ideas，Need to take different writing ideas for readers for different targets，Each focus on the special and blog。

Next，In the historical compilation, Zhang Yinlin pursues the unity of "true" and "beauty"。He believes that the historical world is the same as the natural world，It is both aesthetic object，It is bet365 live casino games also an poor object。History of as aesthetic objects is "the history of artisticization"; the history of the poor object is "the history of science"。The purpose of the two is "true"，The former showed "truth"，The latter shows "truth"。These discussions reflect the philosophical and theoretical creation of Zhang Yinlin's history of the history of Zhang Yinlin。He admires the rhetoric in Chinese traditional historical writing，It is believed that it can enhance the beauty of history。The writing rhetoric of Zhang Yinlin's historical writing is very beautiful。

other，Zhang Yinlin consciously takes into account "Ya" and "Vulgar"。Except "True" and "Beauty"，"Use" is also the value pursued by history。He writes about history、Editing Teaching Materials "for a nation's self -knowledge of self -knowledge during the unprecedented transition"，He believes that the target readers of historical writing are not only professionals in the academic community，Including the public、Youth、Children。Therefore，Elegant Volkswagen Awards、Concise and understandable、Interesting is the goal of Zhang Yinlin's writing，In fact, it has also become its distinctive features of its "Chinese History" and "Children's History"。This is not conspired with the concept of "public history" at the moment。

　　Return to Chinese history research

Zhang Yinlin's historical research began in research，Famous work "Lao Tzu's question after being born for more than a hundred years" is a typical research article，Later "Xunzi Uncontinent · Replenishment", "Anti -Control and Reconstruction of the Pseudo -Ancient Culture Cases Case" is also a similar work。But he did not have the study of the evidence，During studying and studying in the United States at Tsinghua University，During studying and studying in the United States at Tsinghua University，Start studying the history of ancient Chinese science and technology、History of Chinese and Western Exchange，Translation、Introduction to Western History Theory，I wrote "In the Ming and bet365 Play online games Qing Dynasties in the Western Studies Entering China Exam", "Zhang Heng's Biography", "On the Past and Future of History", "Aesthetic Value of History" and "General Calculation of Traditional Historical Philosophy"。

Zhang Yinlin has a strong interest in Western philosophy and sociology，System training during studying in the United States，"The Cultural Theory of Spengra", "The Fundamental Issues of Moral Philosophy", "Moral Philosophy and Moral Standards" and "Possibilities" are the representative works of his sociology and philosophy。He believes that the realization of historical transformation must use the theoretical concept and thinking method of philosophical innovation，With the help of sociology understanding the social structure and social changes。After training with philosophy and sociology，He chose to return to Chinese history research，Especially in the field of Song history，Research Chinese history with interdisciplinary methods，Written "The Land Distribution and Social Communication of the Northern Song Dynasty", "The Minsheng and Finance of the Last Southern Song Dynasty", "The Rebellion of Wang Xiaobo Li Shun (Movement of a Failure) in the early Song Dynasty"。

　　"Time Wind" and "Learning Wind"

Through the inspection of Zhang Yinlin's historical concept and the path of governing history，It can be found that the formation of its historic style is associated with the background of the times and the trend of history。This is mainly reflected in four aspects。The first is the consciousness of integrating philosophy and sociology。Zhang Yinlin reflects on history and historical theory，and consciously use philosophical thinking and sociological theory to conduct Chinese historical research，To achieve "the consciousness of the blog view of the superblock from the philosophy and the method，The Law of the Personnel of Jiming from Sociology "。

Second is the manifestation of nationalism stored in the map。In the turbulent era of war in the war，The shadow of the destroyer bet365 Play online games of the dead country is shrouded in the minds of the people，Zhang Yinlin is no exception。In addition to "Chinese History" and "Children's History of Chinese"，From the "British and Japanese people to kill the beginning and end of our country eight times", "How should the intellectual class save the country? "The two major obstacles of the Chinese national future" and other articles，You can clearly see the patriotism and nationalism of his saving picture。

Third is the "increase or decrease" of space and time。"Increase in Space" refers to the expansion of the space of historical research，Except for the Central Plains area，Follow the frontier、World，From the emperor's political activities to the people's daily life。Except orthodox historical materials，Archaeological、File、Cultural relics and out -of -domain materials are all historical materials that are available。"Time reduction" refers to deleting myths as much as possible、Test the legend，Re -describe ancient history through conclusive research。Zhang Yinlin's "Chinese Historical Outline" is not from the "heaven and earth judgment" or "chaos first opening"，It is not from the nebula condensation and the earth formed，but starting from the era of text records，Take the Shang Dynasty as the starting point，Looking back at the legendary 400 or five hundred years before，Standards for identifying the legend with the knowing of the Shang Dynasty，Archaeological research results of the excavation of Yin Ruins。

Fourth is the use of social morphological theory and class concept of materialist history.。Zhang Yinlin has already paid attention to the historical view of materialism，Some concepts and analysis perspectives in the history of materialist history and social morphology are used to study the structure of ancient Chinese society and its changes，Analysis path for class and class struggle。

National crisis stimulates Zhang Yinlin's historical research of nationalism，And the two thoughts of social sciences and materialist bet365 live casino games history of Chinese modern history in modern Chinese history are also reflected in their historical research。His historical concept and historical path are innovative and unique，There are also clear marks of the times。

　　(Author is assistant researcher at the Institute of History Theoretical Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)