Roman Republic，Fertility is considered a family or private thing，The government basically does not ask。To the Empire period，Augustus is the problem of elite declining childization，"Marriage Law" for rewards and punishments, marriage and fertility。Most of the emperors of later generations will be the basic policy，and flexibly used to solve the fertility problem of poor citizens，Poor children's subsidy plan is one of them。The basic operation mechanism is，The emperors are the agricultural agriculture for revitalizing Italy，Encourage landlord loans，5%of the interest of interest to set up a fund to rescue poor children，to increase the number of citizens' population。Some inscriptions and a little literature confirm，The plan was emerged from the beginning of the Nerva period，to the TRAJAN era is clear and formed，and inherited and deepened by the emperors such as Hadrian，Septimius Severus，and was briefly restarted during the Constantine Emperor。Although we cannot make a clear evaluation of its effect at present，But this system should have a place in the ideology of the Roman Empire。

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"Alimenta，It means "food", "nutrition", and "raising") is a welfare plan for the emperor's child care for the children of poor families。Historical materials indicate，The emperor's approach to support children to increase the birth rate of the population can be traced back to the Augustus era。Augustus, known as the "Father of the Motherland"，Families with children can get economic funding from the country。During his inspection during the inspection，Civilians who apply for applications and prove that their children have legal status，Provide 1,000 Sees Retirement Silver Coin support for each child。Augustus all fundraising children may provide institutional inspiration for the creation of poor children's subsidies for future emperors。

So，Which emperor was first launched by the poor children's subsidy plan? at present，There is still controversy in the academic world，The main reason is that the statement in classical bet365 Play online games literature is different。Veteran writer Pliny The Younger，61-113) I mentioned in the letter to Tura true，Nelva has set a generous example for supporting poor children。S. A. Aurelius Victor, who lives in the mid -4th century, also asserted，This plan is the creative of Emperor Nelva。and ancient Roman historian Cassius Dio，155-230) believes，It created by Tulazhen。Published in the "Historia Augusta" in the middle and late 4th century, attributed it to Turajin twice。Classical economic historian Richard Duncan-Jones, Richard Duncan-Jones, believes，Poor children's subsidy plan should be pioneered by Nelva，The reason is that it is consistent with other evidence of Nelva policy。Due to the short rule of Nelva, the plan is not fully improved，The tradition of elite records may attribute it to its successor Turazhen。This statement is reasonable，Applicable letters。

Neilva may initiate a national subsidy plan at the end of the 1st century，allocate the land worth 60 million Ses Si to the poor，Used to help them raise their children。He wrote in the book: "There is no doubt，For Roman citizens，My government promulgated the relevant laws and regulations。The intention of a good emperor does not need to be narrowly examined。Each citizen can rest assured，Even if no one reminds，I have also abandoned private ease in order to public security and allocate new interests ... They will be fully approved;，I think their happiness needs a new request ... under my guarantee，I just need to consider those who have not yet received funding。"From this we can see，The desire of being a good emperor pushed Nelva to throw his eyes into the poor civilians。The currency issued by 96 AD recorded the scene where he distributed the relief to the poor citizens: Nelva sitting on the high platform，Look at officials sitting on the lower platform，Distribution subsidy for a male slum。This is a kind of cautious and effective targeted subsidy，Give the lower levels the opportunity to get living materials for living children。

　　officially introduced in the Turajan period

Tura really uses Nelva as an example，officially launched the poor children's subsidy plan。As an emperor from Spain，He calls on the veteran and nobles to invest at least one -third of the assets in the land in Italy，Make Bet365 lotto review it restore the economic advantage of the past。The government provides low -interest loans to the landlords，Among them, 5%of interest is used to fund the poor children in Italy。He requires all children to register in the book，so that local authorities can statistics and set the number of relief children，Limited different relief amounts for different beneficiaries。Boys born legally can receive 16 Sets Retreat，Girls can receive 12 Sisis per month。Non -wedding boy is 12 Sets per month，Girls retire at 10 Sets per month。Plinger also clearly pointed out，The funded boy needs to join the army when he grows up，and girls must get married and have children。

According to the relevant inscriptions，Poor children's subsidy plan is mainly concentrated in central Italy，Never completely covered all cities in Italy，Among them, more than 50 towns have set up public poor children's subsidy funds。but but，It can，Some provinces also have their own rituals and activities for relief funds，Even a small number of civilians can collect rescue。Tura also encourages an alliance city with autonomy to implement the plan，If allowing Amisus to form a welfare agency for helping the poor。other，He also encourages private donations，As a small Plints, donate a amount to his hometown Kemo every year，Total amount of more than 500,000 Sees retreat，Newborn for raising free birth，Create a school、hire teachers to let them receive education。A total private donation of Tarracina (Tarracina) at least 1 million Sisi retreat。The government's subsidy funds invested by the government in Veleia or even more。This，Private donations with strong financial resources with national initiative effective cooperation，Make the poor children's subsidy plan a pioneering agency for the welfare system of the Roman Empire。

103-111 series of coins and reliefs depicts many rescue scenes during the duration of Turla: Sitting on the high platform to watch the emperor who is subsidized by civilians、officials who distribute substances or money、Thanksgiving poor parents and their children。For example, on the copper coins that may be cast between 104-111，Tura is sitting on a chair，Left -handed scepter，Make a generous gift in the Bet365 app download right hand，A mother who receives rescue assistance stands with two children on its right。A relief of Turazhen Triumph presents a group of children who accept the emperor's small money bag。then，Father pulled the child's hand，or carry the child on the shoulder，Take them home。Very obvious，Coins and poverty -stricken children's subsidy plan scenes are mainly used to encourage fertility and preach the merit of the emperor。

　Changes from Hudliang to Constantine period

Emperor Hudliang implemented a wider range of poor children's subsidy plans throughout the empire，and establish the highest age of the children's children into a boy 18 years old，Girl 14 years old。National and private regions expand to some places in Africa and Spain。Hudliang has also introduced a lot of policies to encourage citizens，For example, providing economic assistance to women who have children who have more children，Donate the donation to the bankruptcy veteran is linked to the number of children born，Let people realize the benefits of giving birth to the country。Poor children's subsidy plan is also one of his main measures to increase the population of the citizen during his political period。He also casts the implementation of this plan on the coin。On the silver coin issued from 119-123，Hadrian sitting on the left is above the high platform，Make a gift posture in the right hand。The official in front of him is sending the rescue to a male poor with two children。The characters in the back background may be the goddess of Liberty，Hold a coin in your hand，It is intended to protect the security of Rome and Italy，and the two children represent the hope and prosperity of the empire。

The inscription discovered so far shows，The supporting target of poor children's subsidy may be based on legal boys，Ruding 294 beneficiated children in Weliga，There are 245 legal boys、47 legal girls，Only one of the illegitimate boys and girls each。but but，Anthony asylum to commemorate the death of his wife Faustina The Elder，A special "Puellae Faustinianae" project that supports girls。Stoarta philosopher Emperor Marco Orleo and Faustina The Younger are a model for blind dates and loveders，At least 13 children。To commemorate the died wife，He included the name of many new girls on the Bet365 app download list of public food relief，If a 6 -year -old girl Sextia Saturnina appears on the inscription。During this period, the relief of Albani Villa depicts the scene of "Fosteina's girls" accepting relief: Women are responsible for distribution，Girls accept，and men are completely absent。If the emperor appears in the picture of the coin and relief, it highlights the role of their nurses as the highest asylum and the father of the subjects，So the picture where they are absent and the queen appears，It emphasizes the important role of the queen as the mother's role of all children and the fertility of women。

Affected by the crisis of the third century，Poor children's subsidy plan gradually micro。4th century，Emperor Constantine Emperor Facing the situation where the abandonment and betrayal of the newborn are intensified，I have briefly restarted this plan。Among the two legislations of 322 and 329，He authorizes the use of national treasury income to provide clothing and food for poor families。Final，Due to the turmoil in Roman society、Fiscal lack of fiscal and difficult to continue，Poor children's subsidy plan gradually disappear。

　Evaluation of the subsidy plan for poor children

Poor children's subsidy plan is initiated by the emperor，Government operation，Folk response，It is indeed an innovation in the history of western population welfare，It has important significance。As Duncan Jones said: "For the empire，Although the total amount of the poor children's subsidy has almost no more than the total cost of a large construction project in Rome，However, the emperors' attempts and efforts in this area seem to be more valuable than their immortal fantasy。"" ""，The actual effect of this plan is not ideal。For a large number of poor children in Italy and the empire，Poor children's subsidy plan must be a cup of water salary。According to Dengcan Jones Research，Civilians who have the right to participate in the distribution of wheat may not exceed 150,000 to 200,000; about 5,000 children who can be divided into wheat，accounts for 2%-3%of the entire wheat population。For example, in the 101 years, the poor children's subsidy fund in Camppania has 66 landlord mortgage loans，In the end, only 110-120 children received funding。Visible，The proportion of children benefited bet365 live casino games from the plan is small。Although the purpose of the emperor created it is to increase the population，instead of reducing poverty，But if it is executed properly，can still ensure the survival of the assisted children，Improve their survival rate。

Since the number of poor children's subsidies is not large for children，So it is difficult to achieve the emperor wants to increase the population through it，Change people's unwillingness to give birth to children。Its long -term existence exactly explains，The Romans of the Empires are still unwilling to have children。The emperor tried to use it as a way to revitalize Italian agriculture，Nor does not meet the expected goals。According to Little Plinny，Agricultural harvest is affected by the annual climate and market change，Landlord loans to buy land are difficult to guarantee expected profits。Duncan Jones even thinks，The purpose of the emperor's implementation of the poor children's subsidy plan is，Sacrifice the interests of the landlords to fund poor children，Social problems to solve the decline in population。M. Rostov Caifu also thinks，The economic policy, including the poor children's subsidy plan, failed to save the status of Italian center status。

Although modern scholars' evaluation of the poor children's subsidy plan is relatively negative，But Little Plinny gave a very high evaluation to Tura's eulogy。In his opinion，Turla really not only provides financial guarantee for civilians，And the "father -like" virtuous politics allows the people to live in a free and peaceful society，improved their childbirth willingness，Not only the father desires the birth of children，And "Women feel great joy for their fertility，Because they saw that they had a citizen for the emperor，Born a soldier for the general "。This system of benefiting children at the bottom will have a long -lasting effect，"Army and citizen groups will gradually restore their strength due to their number of people，One day they will have their own children，No more rescue "。Very obvious，Small Plinney's words are just emphasizing the identity of the emperor as the nurse of the empire subjects，Highlight the peace and prosperity of the empire，But he dare not point out，It is the exploitation of the poor class under the slavery.bet365 live casino games ，This is the fundamental reason for the emperor's implementation of this plan。

Last，We must point out，The fundamental purpose of the Roman Emperor's implementation of the poor children's subsidy plan is to increase the citizen population，Maintain the population advantage and power control，With obvious political considerations and utilitarian motivation。but but，We should also see the humanitarianism behind this plan and its profound influence on future birth culture。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture of Lanzhou University; cadres of the public institutions affiliated to the cultural radio and television and tourism bureaus of Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province)