In Western History Senior River，New History is based on its unique historical claims、Academic concepts and compilation methods are known as in the world，Playing the role of inheritance in modern history to modern history。New History is Robinson (also translated Rubin Sun) New History School、Yearbook History、Measurement History、New Marxist history, etc.，It constitutes a unique landscape line in the 20th century Western history research，promoted the development and change of Western history。

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early 19th century，Following European humanism、rationalism、After the historic trend of romanticism，Prussian historian Bartel Georg Niebuhr，1776-1831) On the basis of inheriting the classical historical tradition，Starting the precedent of modern Western critical history。Nebul advocates historical research to attach importance to original historical materials，Use literature methods and skills，Use the scientific logic and methods for historical data finishing。From the 1820s，Prussian historian LeoPold von Ranke，1795-1886) Written a series of influential historical works such as "Latin and Germans National History"，Systems clarify the concept of objective historical concepts such as "such as the book of history", "Let the historical materials closest to history", "Historian maintains absolutely fair and objective"。Another，Lang also founded the "Xi Mingnal" teaching method，Inherit and develop its concept of governance，Eventually, the Langke School was formed。mid -late 19th century，French historian Jean Victor Duruy，1811-1894) In the giant "History of Roman"、Clear、Accurate History concept，Emphasize the core position of historical materials in historius research，Artistic expression of emphasis on historical narrative。Later，Gabriel Monod，1844-1912) The method of using the Lanke school for French history research，Proposal of historical research must focus on academic light literature、Delivery and light form、Realization of professionalization, etc.。Due to rich historical materials、Rigidity of the argument，bet365 live casino games Lanke Objective History is the leader in modern western history，Its influence has continued until the end of the 19th century and even later。

bet365 live casino games Lanke Objective History emphasizes the concept of "Shin History"，The restoration of the truth of historical research will be restored as the first priority of historius research，Emphasized historical materials is the basis of all historius research，Profile to govern the history should maintain an objective attitude，It has formed a historical material as the sole basis、History research paradigm dominated by historical narrative。But，Although Lanke's objectiveist history has a huge influence，But there is always a research center with political history、Social Elite as the narrative center、The subjective initiative of those who do not pay attention to the treatment of history、Replace the overall history with specific events、Lack of problems such as grasping historical laws。These deficiencies restrict the vision of Lanke objective history，Laipan was buried for the rise of new history。

　"Dingxin" drives "Revolution"

The late 19th century and early 20th century，Western historical circles question and criticize Lang's objectiveist history，I proposed a series of new historical concepts and research modes。The concept of structural history with Landprecht、Robinson New History School、European and American measuring history、History of the French Yearbook、New Marxist history, etc.，Open a huge new historical movement。

At the end of the 19th century，German historian Karl Lamprecht，1856-1915) Only focus on individual and specific events for Langke History、Paradigm defects that only study history from the perspective of politics and legal，Proposal to turn "History of Event" to "Cultural History"，Outstanding culture with structured research、National Consciousness、The long -lasting function of the national spirit in human history。Henri Berr，1863-1954) also emphasized that human history has diversity and complexity，Emphasizing historical research must use comprehensive historical methods of cross -disciplinary disciplines。At the end of the 19th century，Born in the pregnancy of metering history。Metrology History believes that bet365 live casino games Lanke Objective History has strived to be precise，But its qualitative research always has fuzzy。So，Measurement History Proposal to calculate historical data with statistical methods，To show the quantitative relationship between historical events，to ensure the accuracy and scientificization of historical research。

early 20th century，James bet365 Play online games Harvey Robinson，1863-1936) Published "New History"，Staticization of bet365 live casino games Lanke Objective History、isolation、Individualization tendency and single historical dependencies，It proposed a dynamic research instead of static research、Comprehensive research instead of isolation research、Use overall research to replace individual research、The new paradigm of a single historical material with multiple historical materials。These claims are generally recognized by the American historic community，Forms a new historian school represented by Robinson and his disciples。

1920-30，French Yearbook History is gradually brewing formed，and fully develop after the war。Lucien Febvre，1878-1956)、Mark Bloch，1886-1944)、Fernand Braudel，1902-1985) and others are represented by people，Annual Jian History advocates overall history research，Research orientation of "History of Questions" emphasizes，Pay attention to the role of social and economic systems and structures in human history，Pay attention to the geographical environment、Ecological and mentality The role of ecology and mentality in historical development。Brlo Eya in "The Mediterranean World in the Mediterranean and Philip II"，I proposed an incident time、Social time and natural time is the standard for long -term theory，Emphasize the systemic and scientific nature of historical research。

The 1930-40s，New Marxist history is brewing in Britain and the United States and other countries，After the war to prosper，60-70s to orgasm。New Marxist history emphasizes the bottom -up research concept，Pay attention to the research on the lower levels。New Marxist history while insisting on Marxism，Pay attention to social history outside economic history、Research in the field of cultural history and mentality，Emphasize historical laws and sexual research。

　The academic consensus and performance of the new history

New History breaks through the limitations of Lanke's objectiveist history，created many new directions in historical research、Field and theme，A large number of new theories and methods were proposed，and the new concept of sorting and using historical materials。New History, although the system is huge、Rich in content，But there are many commonality in the whole。

New History emphasizes comprehensive research on multidisciplinary disciplines。New History believes，Masterpiece of human history，Unable Bet365 lotto review to make a complete interpretation from a single angle，Multi -disciplinary knowledge and methods must be used，Including social science and natural science methods，Form a multiple angle、Focus on revealing the new interpretation system of the full picture of history。This system emphasizes historical narrative，Also emphasized rational analysis，That is, through empirical and analysis two -way binding，Reappear history and its changes。

New History emphasizes history from the bottom up。New History believes，History is not completely founded by social elite，People have also played a significant role in it。So，History research should pay attention to the upper level of society，Pay more attention to the lower level of society，Looking at history from the perspective of the people rather than the elite。New History emphasizes from a higher level、larger range、Build a historical interpretation system for more angles，Use all kinds of physical objects that can reflect the real life of the people、Audiovisual、oral historical materials, etc.，instead of being limited to using government archives and personal letters。

New History Call for expansion of historical research scope。New History believes，The development of human civilization is a complex and diverse process，All areas and activities involved in human civilization should be included in the research category; historical research should pay attention to politics、Economy、Society、Culture and other traditional fields，Also pay attention to psychology、Emotional、Moral、Gender、Medical、Climate、Ecological and other new fields。For this，New History has spawned psychological history、History of the Environment、Female History、Labor History、Family History and other historian branch disciplines，Make up the blank of bet365 live casino games Lanke Objective History。

New History emphasizes historical research should have practical attention。New History has inherited many traditions of bet365 live casino games Lanke Objective History，Pay attention to the social education role of history，Emphasize historians to pay attention to social reality、Participate in social activities。Many research themes in New History have obvious practical significance，Focus on playing social education or enlightenment，Expressing obvious characteristics of the times。Take Robinson's New History School as an example，Robinson and Charles a. Beard are both academic giants of the school，Also participated in the American basic education and higher education bet365 best casino games work，Has a wide range of social participation and popularity。

　The academic characteristics and characteristics of new history

New History is a general concept，Its brewing and development is not only large span，and involve more directions，Both multiple disciplines，There is a strong modern connotation，Expressing the unique academic characteristics。

First，New History has a huge academic system，But the internal is not uniform，Relatively loose overall。In New History，Each school advocates scientificism、Reasonable analysis、structuralism, etc.，Have a common value orientation。Although the party's party Lanke objectiveist history holds a criticism attitude，In academic concept、Position、Methods have intersections，But they also have many differences，There is also a relatively independent concept in academic expression、logic and theory。For example，Yearbook History、New Marxist History、Measurement History, etc. all have their own academic purpose，The research method is also very different，Diversified academic representation is extremely obvious。

Next，New History Schools are based on modern，But the development time of their respective development is not uniform，There is no strict time limit for each school，Different cycles，Early or late、or short or long。Due to the inadequate development of each school of New History，There is a certain connection and interaction effect with each other。For example，Research path of New Marxist history、The concepts of overall history are affected by the history of the yearbook，The consciousness of its "problem history" is also affected by "structural history"。Similarly，The History of the Yearbook is also deeply influenced by Robinson's New History School，Both emphasize the research of cross -disciplinary history research, etc.。

Last，New History has a diversified academic characteristics，This is very different from the history of Lanke's objectiveism。This feature of New History is directly manifested as the modernity and openness of historical research，Using multi -disciplinary methods、Reflection of modern spirit。For example，The overall historical paradigm of the history of the yearbook，Emphasize geographical and ecological environment、Culture and mentality structure、Population and socioeconomic forms on the overall impact of historical changes; New Marxist history attempts to reconstruct the world bet365 best casino games historical system，Emphasize the social and cultural steering of Marxism，Pay attention to the reaction of social consciousness on the existence of society; the history of measuring history is regarded as a dynamic system，Merture、Mathematics、Statistics and other methods to change the traditional experience analysis mode，Re -deconstructing history with data mode, etc.。These academic concepts and methods have expanded the connotation of new history from multiple dimensions，Establishing a colorful academic characteristics of the new history。

New History Facing Challenges

New History played the role of inheritance and post -opening after Western History from modern to modern times。Although the new history is in the form of expression、Research skills and angles have new expansion，It also shows the anti -traditional spirit in epistemology and methodology、Feelings of worry、Self -ist、Personalism and other tendencies，Promoting the development of Western history，But there is also an unavoidable shortcoming。

First，Although the new history pointed out the disadvantages of Lanke objectiveist history，but did not propose the ideal paradigm of solving problems。New History Research is either too ambitious and ignores the details，Historical inevitability replaces accident; either presented the subjective initiative of the historian and ignore the objective history; or pay too much attention to individual consciousness and ignore historical integrity。For example，Measurement History Promote the history of research with mathematical logic，This research paradigm only pays attention to the scientific attributes of historiography，However, the differences between their humanistic attributes and historic individuals，Even mixing linear logic and non -linear logic。The history of the year learned the cultural mentality structure、Social and economic structure and other modes and long -term theory，But its conclusions will inevitably fall into the historical cycle theory and fate theory。

Next，New History covers too much content，Involved in too many areas。Although this helps to expand the extension of historical research，But also causes the connotation of historic research。New History Removal、Cases and isolated historical research，Emphasize the overall history、Study on Comprehensive History and Overall History。This will inevitably include too many historical stories Bet365 app download into its academic vision，As a result, it is impossible for all research paradigms to get closer to the history of inspection，This leads to relatively insufficient historical research and rational analysis in historical research。Take Robinson's New History School as an example，This school involves the history of international relations、Economic History、History of constitutional government、Labor History、History of Religion、History of civilization and other research directions，The complexity of its content、Diversity of historical materials leads to the difficulty of research than in the past。

Since the 1960s，New History after the opening of modern steering，Language begins to become the main narrative tool for postmodern history。From the 1970s，Micro History Research multiplied by the situation。Starting from the 1980s，Breeding in oral historians。Post -modern history has risen strong，Directly leading to a rare trend in the new history。That's for this，Post -modern history or the rise of new "new history"，It is a kind of correction of the shortcomings of the new history。

　(The author is a professor at the School of History of Renmin University of China)