Book History and History of Science is an important source of contemporary Western knowledge history。In the opening of "What is the History of Knowledge"，British historian Peter Burke made this statement concisely。Since World War II，Although many humanities and social science branches have explored knowledge phenomena to varying degrees，But in the knowledge context of Western history，Book History and History of Science and the History of Knowledge are the most closely related。How does the knowledge history of today's academic frontier develop from the history of books and the history of science，Then excavate the historical significance of other caves? Clarify the clues，It helps to think about the origin and goal of the history of knowledge。

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In the long evolution of civilization，Books play an important role in the circulation and inheritance of knowledge。Although the praise of the book is endlessly，​​But the book is a special object of historical research，But it's quite late。The Wo Tu of the French New Year's Academic School nourishes the flower of the history of books。"The Birth of Printing Books" allows book history to occupy a place in the Humanities and Social Sciences Building of the Yearbook School。Since then，Fran? 觭 OIS FURET and others used the "series history" method，Statistics the publishing information of books from France in the 18th century，Repeated "Book Revolution" that has quietly occurred in the Enlightenment era。

The biggest highlight of the early study history of the year school school school，It is to reveal the structural changes of society through statistical book sale information，This is a typical long -term method。But this research method also has limitations，Prints are only read and transformed into action by people，Only the power to change history。Nian Jian School realized the limitations of the series of historical methods，Focus on the relationship between books and readers more，Book History began to get rid of "Book Center theory"，Reading gradually lives in the core of research。1986，Robert Darnton said: "Reading is an activity involving a special relationship -on the one hand, the Bet365 app download reader，On the other hand, text。Despite the diversity and complexity of the relationship between the relationship between the specific historical context，But all of the core issues: How does the changing readers interpret the changing text? "this means，Reading history not only pays attention to books，More focused people，Therefore, it can be regarded as the "foreign history" of traditional book history。This kind of exploration，In fact, it has already led to a broader knowledge history。

The transformation of the history of books to the history of reading，It occurred in the trend of the new history history of the new cultural history after the World War II，Show the historical research of the obedience，Switch to the performance of people in history，The cultural significance given by things given by people。Books are no longer yellowed text and cold numbers。Reading History Make Book Study alive，The interpretation of the history of books arrived in the new depth，At the same time, it also indicates that more research possibilities。

From ancient times to the present，Human spiritual activity presents thousands of weather。People read books are not just a medium，Reading behavior for books is also a practice of human acceptance and output intelligence。Cultural production and wisdom communication outside the book，Reading history is difficult to reach。In the early 1990s，Berke started writing "History of Knowledge Society"。For more than ten years since then，Knowledge History is booming，Quickly become a German、French and English retrieval hot words，Show the new style of "learning of the 21st century"。

Books in history are important inspections of knowledge and social history，But far from all。From Berke's view，Books are just one of the carriers of knowledge，There are a lot of "non -text and non -conceptual knowledge" in history。For example，hundreds of years before 18th century，Western European habit of retaining oral communication。People through maps and text information、Private collections and physical specimens in the display room understand the external world。Traditional society with a low literacy rate，Reading books are just the privilege of a few people，But this does not mean that in addition to books, it is a desert of culture。Various people with professional skills and experience contributed construction、bet365 best casino games Cooking、Weaving、Farming and other "non -verbal practice knowledge"。This "diverse knowledge theory" refreshed the understanding of the academic circles for the results of human spiritual activities，The historic community began to attach importance to the oral culture in early civilization and the role of writing culture before the prevailing of printing.。The expansion of the scope of knowledge while extending the conventional interruption of traditional book history research: After the prevailing of printing books，Broadcast as a product of the industrial revolution、TV and updated Internet、Digital media such as melting media have entered the field of knowledge history，The current situation of direct digital humanities。

In just 20 years，In the study scene of knowledge history，In a more adsorption and inclusive concept framework，The historical significance of various knowledge carriers and media is constantly discovered。Materiality and the medium of knowledge (Mediality) become keywords of knowledge history。Various materialized media constitutes the "knowledge field" that supports specific social knowledge production and dissemination，Producer of Knowledge、Supervisor、Drivers and audiences of all strata，Show various interactions in the knowledge chain composed of the media，provides a new perspective for studying the social system and group psychology at the time。Culture has become an all -encompassing "big book"，The "reading comprehension" formed through practice has become a new challenging research object，Knowledge History has pioneered the new direction of overall investigation of the evolution of human spiritual activity.。

　Breaking through the history of science: the knowledge landscape of multiple reproduction

What is knowledge? How to define knowledge?。​​In the brewing stage of knowledge history，Historians who are keen on Western modern knowledge revolution have once regarded science as "model knowledge"。As "powerful leverage of history"，Science and Technology in the field of material production has unprecedented productivity，Then widespread and profoundly plasticted in the modern world。But，Knowledge includes but not limited to science。If the important method of knowledge history，Let historical knowledge research "historical"，Place "science" in it、In the 19th -century historical context established Bet365 lotto review by development and legitimacy, to investigate，It is not difficult to find，Adhering to the "science" that adheres to specific claims is just a type of knowledge that has been invented，The "History of Science" as a rising star is just a fragment in the long evolution of human knowledge。Measure the knowledge achievements created by civilization created by regional civilization before the 19th century with "science"，It is really the "Time Misplays" in this time。

Scientific knowledge concept also hidden in the Western Center theory。early during the Enlightenment，French philosopher Kong Dusai regards the progress of "Western Knowledge" as a model for human spiritual progress。Science has been widely considered a great invention of modern West。As a rational、Empirical、Law and useful synonym，Science is promoted as a general truth with moral advantages，The iron law that becomes the legitimacy of "other knowledge"。The spread of western scientific knowledge around the world，It is a must -winning journey described as a truth to conquer the world。This narrow knowledge encountered questioning of cultural diversity in the second half of the 20th century。Foucault's knowledge and archeology deconstruct the hegemony of "scientific truth"，revealing the power spectrum behind the authority of manufacturing knowledge。Kun's paradigm theory has re -explained the non -scientific force in scientific evolution。The purpose of the purpose of "the rise of modern western science"，Gradually let the historic knowledge narrative mode with a global comparative vision。Reflection and cleanup of Western centralism，Gradually expanded the research field of scientific history，Some scientific historians have shifted to the excavation and evaluation of "plural knowledge" that have appeared in different forms in history。The title of the first article in "History of Knowledge History", which was published in 2020，It is called "Beyond the Single Knowledge"。

After removing scientific/non -scientific solidification standards，The spiritual achievements created by people in history are different from the perspective of knowledge history，Knowledge reveals multiple faces。Except Western Knowledge and Western World，According to different division standards，It also includes belief knowledge and technical knowledge、theoretical bet365 best casino games knowledge and experience、elite knowledge and folk knowledge、Group knowledge and individual knowledge、The highly respected knowledge and suppressed knowledge、The knowledge that has been listed as a classic and the karma has disappeared、Knowledge and knowledge of the division、Expressive knowledge and silent knowledge ... You can even think of known and unknown、Knowledge and unknown、Understanding and misunderstanding、Translated and unable to translate，etc.。

The type of knowledge that appeared after re -classification，closer to the real state of the various knowledge in history，But type science is just a method。rooted in society、Knowledge in individual consciousness of groups and life，Often is the mixed of various types of knowledge divided by the day after tomorrow，Always in the combination of flow and differentiation，Far not static and single existence。Masters who live in the remote town of Italy in the 16th century will also think about the universe，He will make the church's creed、Alien theory、folk legend、Street talks and external information in books and booklets，According to understanding and imagination，Processing has become the cosmic knowledge in your mind。Case description provided by Carol Kingzburg，The knowledge that people master often look like a mixture of "cheese and maggots"，The audience of knowledge always constructs knowledge。The essence of knowledge is circulation，In the circulation, it is constantly accompanied by a "standard knowledge" subtype，This stimulates people to continuously expand the exploration and understanding of the strange world。

Of course，Diverse and flowing knowledge also brings new problems。The biggest dilemma is，After breaking the scientific and truth standards that are commonly used，How to re -define knowledge。But most of the historians of knowledge are not eager to give the answer。In their opinion，The process of definition of knowledge is more like a methodology exploration，or，What is more important than clearly defined knowledge is to establish the basic principles of knowledge phenomenon in history。Current，Knowledge historians generally agree with historically investigating different times、How can the region and the group know "knowledge"，Therefore, the task of defining knowledge is converted into the contextualization bet365 Play online games and spectralization of knowledge history。The result brought by is that it is no longer forcibly installed the shell for the knowledge，How can the region and the group know "knowledge"，Study "those people in history that they consider them 'knowledge' (or the characteristics of‘ knowledge ’)。This is not only a break that defines the concept of knowledge，The meaning of breakthroughs in the methodology of knowledge and history。

　leading to the overall history: the future vision of knowledge history

Face the history of knowledge that grows rapidly，Berke had expected its future in 2020: one is to imitate those disciplines that have successfully achieved independent status in the past two centuries，Have your own research center、Journal、Learn to organize the scientific research and teaching positions of the college department，As the historians have done it; another more likely，Just like cultural history，As a method and perspective，Applicable to the history of the economy、Practice in other fields such as political history and social history，Finally contribute to the realization of the overall historical goal。

No matter what comments and predictions，Exploration of Knowledge History has been saved。Since the New History Movement，Historians continue to expand their garden，Extended the research interest to outside the history of political and military created by Juxuedid。According to the principles that can be written in all things，Each field in human society has the right to enter the history of history，Knowledge production as a human cultural production practice，Naturally no exception。but，For the overall history of modern history，Each emerging field must face critical review，Long -term selection and precipitation of the knowledge trend itself，After proves its own knowledge value and social significance，Can finally write the history of history。Otherwise，The pioneering of the so -called new field，Perhaps it is just the packaging and replacement of old knowledge products，Information bubble with meaningfulness。

All history is contemporary history。All history leads to the overall history，That is, the system interpretation of the past human society and the macro grasp of the laws of historical movement。When the old observation history and the way of writing history cannot meet the needs of the new era，People will naturally explore Bet365 app download the new historical interpretation framework and narrative mode，This is constantly rewriting、Reasons for expanding and rewriting history。With the arrival of the knowledge society，Human spirit and wisdom creation activities are constantly changing，The island chain blockade of emerging countries who want to break through English knowledge，Create an independent knowledge discourse system，convey your own voice on the world of knowledge。The exploration of knowledge history is therefore meaningful，It tradition of human knowledge that reproduces diversified mutual learning and reflect on this basis of our modern knowledge，Provides observation tools and thinking paths that keep pace with the times。Perhaps in a certain period of the future，The history of knowledge will integrate into the new knowledge matrix in the process of sacrificing themselves in the process of leading to the overall history，But the academic contribution made by it to know the overall appearance of human spiritual life will be engraved in the history of history。

　(The author is a professor of the World Civilization History Research Center of Northeast Normal University)