Johan Huizinga, 1872-1945) was an outstanding historical innovator in the Netherlands，Also a famous cultural historian after the 19th-century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt。They are both called the pioneers and founders of new cultural bet365 score。Huizinga’s in-depth insights into historical facts and unique application of historical materials，Determined the basic concepts and categories for cultural bet365 score as a sub-discipline of bet365 score，And provides novel historical ideas and historical vision for historical research。He has influenced the development trend of new cultural bet365 score since the 20th century under the broader humanistic historical research paradigm，Become one of the important figures in promoting the development of modern Western bet365 score。

　Vigorously advocate a holistic view of cultural bet365 score

Huizinga’s historical thought first lies in his view of cultural bet365 score。For the late 19th and early 20th centuries，The whole of Europe is filled with a "cultural crisis" caused by industrial civilization，He actively advocates "cultural bet365 score"。In the article "The Tasks of Cultural bet365 score" published in 1929，He combined cultural bet365 score and political bet365 score、Divide economic bet365 score，and pointed out，Cultural bet365 score is more comprehensive in comparison、Understand bet365 score more deeply，For "Topic、symbol、Concept、Ideal、Research on the content of cultural categories such as style and emotion，Present the emotions of people in a specific historical period、Temperament and Dreams。He thinks，Cultural bet365 score involves law、Philosophy、Music、Various histories such as literature and art，But these specialized historical studies cannot replace cultural bet365 score，Because "culture exists only as a whole"，Only when historians use "an overall research approach from the perspective of changing cultural styles"，will live、When patterns of art and thought are combined，That’s why it’s called cultural bet365 score。

Huizinga’s research results on cultural bet365 score and his main views on cultural bet365 score are reflected in several influential works: "People and Crowds in America" ​​(1918)、"Medieval Autumn" (1919)、"Problems of the Renaissance" (1920)、"The Life of Erasmus" (1924)、"Ten Essays" (1926)、"Discussion on Cultural bet365 score" (1929)、"Renaissance and Realism" (1929)、"Tomorrow is Coming" (1935)、"The Gamer" (1938)、"Dutch Civilization in the Seventeenth Century" (1941), etc.。These works fully demonstrate，Huizinga’s cultural bet365 score research methods are in line with Burckhardt’s research style in “The Culture of the Italian Renaissance”，They all value the subject of bet365 score—human bet365 score，That is, human life、Human feelings、The spiritual essence of man and the meaning of man。Burckhardt believes that the essence of the Renaissance does not lie in the revival of classical culture，It lies in the rise of modern spirit，In particular, the "discovery of full and complete human nature" became the beginning of modern world bet365 score。Therefore，Huizinga spoke highly of Burckhardt's "The Discovery of the World and the Discovery of Man" in Part 4 of "The Culture of the Italian Renaissance"，I think this part can be regarded as a classic example of cultural bet365 score，It perfectly explains the essential characteristics of cultural bet365 score，Reveals that the bet365 score of the world is equally important as the bet365 score of people，And the two are closely connected。

Huizinga thinks，The concepts of bet365 score and culture are interdependent，Historical Research and Cultural Interpretation、Cultural criticism also complements each other。Therefore，He proposed the establishment of a "cultural morphology" method and theory of bet365 score，That is, building an overall structure covering all elements of culture。At the same time，He also proposed the famous "Cultural Equilibrium Theory"，He thinks，The crisis in the ideological and cultural field is more serious than the imbalance in social life，Once an ideological and cultural crisis occurs, it will affect all aspects of social life，This leads to the generalization of the crisis。So，He emphasized，We must be in the new、Build on a more solid foundation to inherit the precious legacy left to us by bet365 score。

　　Interdisciplinary historical perspective and historical governance methods

Huizinga’s writings deal with linguistics、Religious Studies、Cultural philosophy, psychology and other fields，This also makes him a cultural critic、The multiple identities of biographer and anthropologist。He thinks，“Reappearance” of a specific historical period，A multidisciplinary approach must be adopted，Only in this way can we gain a full understanding of bet365 score。He uses symbols、Poetry、symbol、Proverb、Sermon texts and other materials to prove bet365 score，Concepts from a specific historical period、Mindset、An in-depth exploration of the Burgundian culture of the late Middle Ages in terms of spirit and thought，Considered to be a representative figure of “historiography of mentality”。Contemporary French new historian Jacques Le Goff spoke highly of Huizinga's pioneering contribution to the study of the bet365 score of mentality，Think that he has a profound and keen capture of the spirit of the times，Focus on the role of the collective psychological structure of society in bet365 score，Especially pay attention to the personality of each historical figure、Personality、The importance of the spiritual structure contained in behavior，In fact, it pioneered the contemporary bet365 score of mentality。

Huizinga uses interdisciplinary historical methods and historical perspectives to form an interconnected organic whole。His works can be said to be "condensed textbooks on Western culture"，While pointing out that different cultures are interconnected，He also “encourages people to transcend the boundaries imposed by any culture”。In his opinion，Economy、Politics、Science、Philosophy、Literature、The bet365 score of art is a branch of cultural bet365 score，No aspect of culture can be understood in isolation，It exists in the cultural system to which it belongs and is also an integral part of a specific culture。He emphasized，Historians cannot rely solely on official documents，Make full use of those unofficial literature resources，Including literature of the time、Artwork、Picture logo，Also includes the clothing of people at that time、Billing records、Table manners, etc.，They all contain rich historical information，Become the necessary material for historians to reconstruct a vivid picture of the past，Thus showing the complex historical charm。

Therefore，"Autumn in the Middle Ages" starts from all aspects of bet365 score，Shows the details and scenes of life in Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries，Exploring people’s thoughts in the late Middle Ages、Emotion、Ideals and passion。He adopts a literary and delicate narrative，Through the spiritual connotation of artwork、Rich pictures of daily life and witty proverbs and aphorisms，Presenting a vivid historical picture drawn by the cross-integration of multiple disciplines，Bringing the colors and sounds of French and Dutch culture at the time、Rituals and superstitions、Emotions, values ​​and other living bet365 score are “reproduced”。

　Using aesthetic methods to study cultural bet365 score

Huizinga believes that "images are the building blocks of bet365 score"。The original title of his famous work "Medieval Autumn" was "Objects in the Mirror of Van Eyck"。He was also the first to see that the oil painting "Christ at Emmaus" signed by the author "Vermeer" was a fake。He directly suspected，If a person does not have knowledge of art bet365 score，Can you study bet365 score。Because in his opinion，The maturity of cultural bet365 score and the establishment or disintegration of Renaissance concepts，It must be closely related to art bet365 score。

In Huizinga’s historical narrative framework，Historical aesthetics is an academic interest throughout。Although he is a professional historian，But he is also a "historical painter" who is indistinguishable from Burckhardt。Huizinga is the same as Brucella，Not only can you draw exquisite sketches，And its historical inspiration also comes from the understanding of artistic works。He was initially an excellent Sanskrit scholar，His doctoral thesis explores Indian culture from a broad linguistic and aesthetic perspective。1903，In the public course "Research and Evaluation of Buddhism" at Leiden University，Huizinga divides the way historians deal with bet365 score into three types: scientific、Artistic and ethical。1905，In the article "Aesthetic Factors in Historical Thinking"，He pointed out，Historical treatises must be readable，The aesthetic attitude in historical thinking can help us evoke vivid images in our minds。As Wendelban said，The trend of natural science is abstraction，The tendency of historical imagination is to construct images。He argued that the task of bet365 score is “to summon dynamic images”；“Historical research is characterized by the way in which images are constructed”。Also，According to his own statement，The conception of "Medieval Autumn" is directly related to the painting。

In order to form a complete historical picture，Huizinga emphasized the historical imagination、Historical Insights、Sense of bet365 score，And verbal expressions that go beyond simple logical activities。He said，Historians’ intention is to help readers imagine beyond the literal meaning，Thus improving our ability to appreciate bet365 score while understanding bet365 score。If a "historical picture" can be properly formed on the basis of historical documents，That can enhance our "delicate sense of bet365 score"。Therefore，Huizinga insists on a unique point of view: the reason why aesthetic elements in historical thought are important，Because art bet365 score serves as a companion to cultural bet365 score，It is not due to the overlapping of their research contents，But because there are highly developed "forms" in art bet365 score，“Form” is the intuitive presentation of cultural symbols。

In short，Huizinga is the best interpreter of "images as historical documents" in cultural bet365 score，is a full display of the "poetic" and "thrilling" style of historical narrative。Since the 1980s，There is a “cultural turn” in the study of Western cultural bet365 score，The rise of “visual culture”，The intersection of cultural bet365 score and art bet365 score has received widespread attention，Huizinga’s influence is also increasing day by day。

(The author is an associate professor at the China Institute of Legal Strategy, East China University of Political Science and Law)