History of thought as a research object，refers to the thought in history，It also includes the history of thought。The former focuses on interpretation concept，Research on ideological connotation and representative thinkers;，Especially social environment、Political background and personnel relationship，Evolution process of the formation of core issues and representative perspectives through analysis，Research on the reflection and interaction of social issues in research。As part of history，The biggest challenge of the research of ideological history is how to grasp the individual characteristics of the thinker，Analysis of the Bureau of the Bureau，Futing the Thoughtful Evolution Polarity，Realize the ideological structure of an era、Thoughts、October observation of the ideological environment。

European thought historian John theodore Merz believes，It is quite difficult to achieve this research purpose，The reason is that it is impossible to express from the overall performance object。History he understands，is to collect the vast details，Arrange it into a vivid picture。but，Looking back on the thinker in the history of Chinese thought，In addition to personal interests，Nothing cares about nature and heaven，How to survive what the thought person should survive、How to face reality，What kind of environment and political system does this build to achieve the harmony of heaven and man。These issues are concentrated and coherent，The history of thought after the Song Dynasty showed the tradition of ideological traditions with the human body。To the Ming Dynasty，The national system of the feudal national system is quite complete，Think about the nature of the person within the society、Moral and Survival Method，It is necessary to seek a reasonable mode of forming a benign interaction with national governance，This involves human nature、Discussion of people's relationship with the state system。This clue is hidden in the history of the thoughts of the Ming Dynasty，But to promote bet365 best casino games the development of the Ming Dynasty thought as a whole。

　　Bet365 app download

In Chinese history，The achievements of the thoughts of the Ming Dynasty are very prominent。In the early Ming Dynasty, the "Four Books" and "Five Classics", which represent the authoritative political ideological system,，Wang Yangming, a master of heart learning in the middle of the Ming Dynasty，A group of Gu Yanwu emerged in the late Ming Dynasty、Huang Zongxi、Wang Fu is a thinker who reflects on social changes。For a long time，The study of the thoughts of the Ming Dynasty's thoughts in the academic community，Obvious lines，Modified a very clear concept group。but，Social foundation for thought，Especially the national system's ideological reflection，You need to supplement a new perspective，Form an overall observation，Follow the Ming Dynasty thought on the basis of inheriting the previous generation，The core motivation that promotes its own development and shows the characteristics of the times。

Current，In the study of the history of thought in the Ming Dynasty，The impact of the regional perspective is obvious，Affected by Huang Zongxi's "Confucian Confucian Case" relying on the "portal view" of the perspective of the party and the party，Some factors that have decisive role in bet365 best casino games the development of the Ming Dynasty's thoughts have not been studied in -depth。Some scholars even have even，Can it faithfully reflect the overall ideological layout of China at that time "highly doubt。

but，Gu Yanwu and other thinkers when they are in the Ming and Qing Dingde，There are new discoveries when reflecting on the relationship between human desire and defeat of the Ming Dynasty。They start with human nature，Discuss the "Jingtian system" and the land system in history，Forms a concentrated age issue。Gu Yanwu appreciated the well field system in "Nikko Record · Governance"，Hope to restore the well field or implement Junfield，Restricted Land Merge，Realize the people's field，or even local decentralization。Huang Zongxi also advocated the restoration of Jingtian，"For civilian property"。Wang Fu's taxation from the government and the perspective of national power，Reflection of Zhu Xi and Mencius's Jingtian Thought，Dialectical Analysis of the Relationship between the official Minada。

Land is an important bet365 Play online games means of means of agricultural society，It is also an important economic foundation for the structure of ancient China。At the time of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Thinners System Discuss this question，It was the projection of the sharp social contradictions in the ideological world at that time。but，Due to the research of traditional ideas of thought, the Ming Dynasty scholars will study the scriptures、The path of two points in science，Ignoring the national system issues represented by land，Observation of the ideological historical segment formed by the Ming and Qing Dynasties is not available from the integratedness of the continuity of thought，Leaves space for us to explore the stage development characteristics of the Ming Dynasty ideological spectrum。

　　System and Classics

The basis for the research of ideological history is text。Gu Yanwu、Huang Zongxi、Wang Fu's discussion of the well field system is not limited to the classic，but not separated from the classic，Instead of following "Zhou Li", the test analysis。And，Analysis of the land system around "Zhou Li"，There is obvious systematic in the history of Song and Ming thought，Not the phased characteristics of the late Ming Dynasty。Representative of Jinggong's new studies，The ideological world of the Song Dynasty pays close attention to the improvement of the improvement of the bureaucratic system，The series of discussions about Zhou Li has a profound impact in the history of thought。Wang Anshi passed the "Qing Miao Method" and "Municipal Yi Law"，Dipping the business of lending and business circulation from the landlord class，Make it back to the country，To rely on national power to protect people's livelihood。To strengthen the role of the country，Wang Anshi hosted the interpretation of the Zhou Li, the Book of Songs, and the Book of Books，Publish it into "Three Classic New Yi"，After getting the support of Song Shenzong，I will be awarded to county learning。

The generation of this series of text，Relying on a strong national system。At the same time，Li Yan, who is regarded as the leading reform of Wang Anshi，and Su Shi, who opposes Jinggong's new law、Zhang Zai、Cheng Ye and others are concerned about "Zhou Li"，Promoting Jingtian、Limited field system。This can be seen，Relying on "Zhou Li" to bet365 live casino games discuss the feasibility of the Jingtian system，Borrowing ancient metaphors to the present，It reflects the career of the thinker of the political position at that time.，presents a clear history of ideological history。

and，The ideological history of thought generated from the perspective of the national system，The appearance of the research with the history of traditional thought is not contradictory。Wang Anshi cares about the improvement of the national basic system，Find the basis for implementing the theoretical basis from the classics; Zhu Xi hopes to pay attention to improving the moral level of officials，Controller's selfish desire。The common purpose of the two is to curb land mergers。The difference is only in，Zhu Xi's requirements in improving morality are higher，Criticizing reality is farther from the political structure and social conditions at that time; Wang Anshi rely on the system，Thinking of the method of improvement。To the Ming Dynasty，Yangming scholars also pay attention to mental morality，But from Zhu Zi scholars who focus on the moral influence of the bureaucratic system，They care about ordinary people's own moral responsibility，Encourage conscience，Give play to the nature of heaven，Improve local order，Realize the country of the country，Therefore, we must talk about the heavens、Discussing heart discern。But look at the core concern of Song Ming thinkers，All seeking social good governance in the interaction between people and national systems，Realize the integration of home and country。

　　Studies and Science two points

Projection of the national system in the history of ideology，It has not become the focus of the history of thought in the Ming Dynasty，This is largely influenced by classics and science。Ming Confucianism is generally reeducated、Light menstruation，But it does not affect the core motivation of the development of ideas in the Ming Dynasty from the perspective of the interaction of ideas and national systems，The overall appearance of the history of the Ming Dynasty thought。Otherwise，The limitations of different perspectives will be limited by perspective，Forms very different judgments。

1907，Pi Xirui published "History of Sutra"。This book is regarded as the work of the Temple Army of Traditional Classics，The evaluation of the Bet365 app download Ming Dynasty classics in the book is not high，It is considered to be the "era of menstrual learning and decline"，The reason is "Song Confucianism has roots，Therefore, although the ancient righteousness is abandoned，Uester can make a family "，In the Yuan Dynasty, "The income of the injection is very shallow"，"Not as good as Song，Under the same as Yuan "。Song、yuan、Ming's level of classics decreases from generation to generation。Poxiri also uses "Ji Ben、Hao Jing multi ’s saying" as an example，It is confirmed that it is too late to Yuan。But，The scientist's evaluation of the Ming Dynasty is another appearance。Huang Zongxi believes in the Ming Confucian Case，Ming Dynasty "Independent Science，The previous generation is too late，Nothing clearly，Nothing clearly，I can really send the Confucianism without sending it "。His reason is，Chen Baisha has a breakthrough in "cultivation"，Turn into the subtle; Wang Yangming clicks out "Everyone in the conscience see"，The road to combining self -practice and sage。

Poxirui、Huang Zongxi lives in different times，Judgment from the perspective of science and science，Not only reflects the complexity of the ideological world of the Ming Dynasty，It also shows that the overall grasping the Ming Dynasty's ideological appearance is quite difficult。The relationship between the classics and science of the Ming Dynasty，Gu Yanwu believes that "science is science"，However, the scholars in the late Ming Dynasty explained that the scriptures were not in line with the classic，"Scripture scholars，Evil "。But Ming Ru Duo believes，Talking about science is scripture。The relationship between classics and science，Not only the basis for the ideas of the ideas of ideological and ideological products in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties，Different differences on this issue have also led to very different judgments。For example, Ji Ben, criticized by Pixori，Is Bi Wang Yu、Qian Dehong、Zou Shouyi、Ouyangde and other earlier Yangming disciples，There is also a prominent position in the scientific spectrum in "The Confucian Confucian Case · Zhejiang King Gate"，But Huang Zongxi keeps the portal of science，No comment on its scientific works。

In fact，Ji Ben has also discussed the well field bet365 live casino games system。Depart from the people's birthday，Reflection "Zhou Li"，Analysis of "Mencius"，Discussion of weeken，Painting six feet step maps with ancient method，There is an important status in the thoughts of the Ming Dynasty。And，The idea of ​​discussing the land system by saying is not the example。Qiu Jun、Hai Rui、Fei Hong、Wang Gen、Wang Yu、Tang Shunzhi、Tang Zhenghe and other famous Confucians，Or ordinary grassroots officials such as Liu Chuquan, Ning Guo County，Discuss the distribution and verification of field soil，Leave valuable documents that can be used for the research of ideological history。Just，Studies focusing on the context of the development of science blocked them，Some scholars have not left a figure in the Ming Confucian Case。

　Overall observation and institutional question

Thought is a reflection of social reality，The most important element of social reality is the state of social development and national form、System structure and practice method。From the perspective of the relationship between thought and institutional in the Ming Dynasty，In addition to using "Zhou Li" to analyze land problems，The national tax collection system represented by the "one whip method"，The local governance system represented by the Township Institute，The national ideological shaping system represented by Jingye，I have had important results。but，In the presence of the Ming Dynasty China as a mature national form in history，The limitations formed by the fact that European ideas have formed based on European historical development，October observation from the practice of the Ming Dynasty system。At the same time，To accurately grasp the basic principles of the research of ideological history，Research on individual colors、A representative thinker，Analysis of differential text，Discuss the validity and disadvantages of thinking to promote practice，Discovery of the Metrais and Echo，Express the interaction of individual and system，The impact of the institutional mechanism on the generation of ideas。

From this，May wish to follow the accumulation of scholars of seniors，Think about the national land system represented by "Zhou Li"、The national economic system represented by "a whip"、The national legal system represented Bet365 lotto review by the Township Institute、The national etiquette system represented by Jingye's ideological projection，Limitations that surpass traditional academic categories，Improve text analysis、The overall interpretation of case research，Fully consider the sensitivity of social activities and the overallness of thinking to cope with，Analysis of the interaction between the ideological world and the system，Ideological motivation to explore social development。

　　(This article is the major historical issue of the National Social Science Foundation of the National Social Science Foundation of the National Social Science Foundation "The relationship between the operation mode of the central centralization of ancient China and the rise of the dynasty" (23VLS009)

(the author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)