The history of ideas as a research object，Refers to historical thoughts，Also includes the history bet365 casino bonus generation of ideas。The former focuses on interpreting concepts，Study the ideological connotation and representative thinkers；The latter focuses on the historical context bet365 casino bonus generation of ideas，Especially the social environment、Political background and personnel relations，By analyzing the formation and evolution process of core issues and representative views，Study the reflection and interaction of ideas on social issues。As part of history，The biggest challenge in the study of intellectual history is how to grasp the individual characteristics of thinkers，Beyond local analysis，Exploring the evolution of thoughts，Realize the ideological structure of an era、Thought context、Overall observation bet365 casino bonus ideological environment。

According to European intellectual historian John Theodore Merz，It is quite difficult to achieve this research purpose，The reason is that history cannot express the object as a whole。Historical understanding，It is to collect the vast details，Arranged into a vivid picture。But，Reviewing thinkers in the history of Chinese thought，Outside of personal interests，No concern for sex and heaven，Thinking about how people should survive、How to face reality，What kind of environment and political system should be created to achieve harmony between nature and man。These topics are focused and coherent，The history of thought after the Song Dynasty presents a tradition of thought that takes people as the main body to manage the world and apply it。In bet365 casino bonus，The feudal state system has been quite perfect，Thinking about human nature within the context of society、Morality and way of survival，We must seek a reasonable model of positive interaction with national governance，This involves treating human nature、Discussion on the relationship between human desire and national system。This clue is hidden in the intellectual history of bet365 casino bonus，But it promoted the development of Ming Dynasty thought as a whole。

　　The lack of institutions in traditional bet365 casino bonus

In Chinese history，The achievements of bet365 casino bonus thought are very outstanding。In the early bet365 casino bonus, the "Complete Four Books" and "Complete Five Classics", which represented the authoritative political ideological system, were promulgated，In the middle of bet365 casino bonus, Wang Yangming, a master of mind science, was born，A group of people named Gu Yanwu emerged in the late bet365 casino bonus、Huang Zongxi、Wang Fuzhi is a thinker who reflects on social change。Long time，Academic research on bet365 casino bonus thought pursues realism，Obvious lines，organized very clear concept groups。But，Social basis for ideas，Especially the ideological reflection of the national system，Need to add new perspectives，Form an overall observation，Exploring bet365 casino bonus thought on the basis of inheriting the previous generation，The core driving force that promotes its own development and shows the characteristics of the times。

Currently，Undergoing research on the intellectual history of bet365 casino bonus，Regional perspective has obvious influence，Influenced by Huang Zongxi's "Confucianism in bet365 casino bonus" based on the "sectarian view" from the perspective of region and party，Some factors that played a decisive role in the development of Ming Dynasty thought have not been studied in depth。Some scholars even conduct research on “past intellectual history”，It is highly doubtful whether it can faithfully reflect the overall ideological layout of China at that time。

But，Gu Yanwu and other thinkers during the revolution of Ming and Qing Dynasties，New discoveries have been made when reflecting on the relationship between human desire and the collapse of bet365 casino bonus。They start with human nature，Discuss the "well field system" and land system in history，Concentrated issues of the times have formed。Gu Yanwu praised the well-field system in "Rizhilu·Governing the Land"，Hope to restore well fields or implement land equalization，Restrictions on land annexation，Realize land for the people，Even decentralization。Huang Zongxi also advocated the restoration of well fields in "The Record of Ming Yi Visits·Tian Zhi"，To "make products for the people"。Wang Fuzhi’s perspective on government tax collection and state power，Reflection on Zhu Xi and Mencius’ thoughts on the well field，Dialectical analysis of the relationship between government, people, land and soil。

Land is an important means of production in agricultural society，It is also an important economic foundation for the political structure of ancient China。During the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Thinkers systematically discuss this issue，It was the projection of the sharp social contradictions in the ideological world at that time。But，Because traditional intellectual history research continues bet365 casino bonus scholars to study the classics、The two-divided path of Neo-Confucianism，Ignore the national system issues represented by land，Failed to observe the fragments of intellectual history formed during the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the overall perspective of ideological continuation，Leaves space for us to deeply explore the staged development characteristics of the ideological genealogy of bet365 casino bonus。

　　bet365 casino bonus and Classics

The foundation of the study of intellectual history is text。Gu Yanwu、Huang Zongxi、Wang Fuzhi’s discussion of the well-field system is not limited to classics，But it does not break away from the classics，But conduct research and analysis based on "Zhou Rites"。And，Analysis of the land system based on "Zhou Rites"，There is obvious systematicness in the ideological history of Song and Ming Dynasties，Not a phased characteristic of the late bet365 casino bonus。Represented by Jinggong New School，The ideological circles in the Song Dynasty paid great attention to improving the bureaucracy，The series of discussions on "Zhou Rites" had a profound impact on the history of thought。Wang Anshi passed the "Green Crops Law" and "Market Change Law"，Split the business of lending and trade circulation from the hands of the landlord class，Return it to the hands of the country，In order to rely on national power to protect people’s livelihood。In order to strengthen the role of the country，Wang Anshi presided over the interpretation of "Zhou Rites", "Book of Songs" and "Book of Books"，Publish them together as "New Meanings of the Three Classics"，Later received support from Song Shenzong，Promulgate it to all county schools。

The production of this series of texts，Relying on a strong national system。Meanwhile，Li Gou, who is regarded as the pioneer of Wang Anshi’s reforms，And Su Xun who opposed Jinggong’s new law、Zhang Zai、Cheng Hao and others are paying attention to "Zhou Rites"，Advocating Well Field、Field restriction system。It can be seen from this，Discuss the feasibility bet365 casino bonus well field system based on "Zhou Rites"，Learning from the past to the present，Reflects the concern of thinkers with clear political stances at that time for the principles and direction bet365 casino bonus operation bet365 casino bonus state machinery，Presents a clear development line of intellectual history。

And，The development context of ideological history from the perspective of national system，It is not inconsistent with the appearance presented by traditional intellectual history research。Wang Anshi is concerned about the improvement of the country’s basic system，Find theoretical basis for promoting innovation from classics；Zhu Xi hopes to focus on improving the moral standards of officials，Control people’s selfish desires。The common purpose of both is to prevent land annexation。The only difference is，Zhu Xi has higher requirements for moral improvement，In terms of criticizing reality, it is also farther away from the political structure and social conditions of the time；Wang Anshi relies on the system，Think about ways to improve。In bet365 casino bonus，Yangming scholars also pay attention to character and morality，But it is different from Zhu Xi scholars who focus on moral influence within the bureaucracy，They care about the moral responsibility of ordinary people，Encouragement to conscience，Use your natural instincts，Improve local order，Achieving national order and public security，So we have to talk and reason、On the Discrimination of Mind。But looking at the core concerns of thinkers in the Song and Ming Dynasties，They all seek good social governance in the interaction between people and national systems，Realizing the unity of family and country。

　　Divided into bet365 casino bonus and Neo-Confucianism

About the projection of national systems in the history of thought，At present, it has not become the focus of research on the intellectual history of bet365 casino bonus，This is largely influenced by the difference between Confucian classics and Neo-Confucianism。Confucianism in Ming Dynasty generally valued Neo-Confucianism、Light Classics，But this does not affect the exploration of the core driving force of the development of ideas in bet365 casino bonus from the perspective of the interaction between ideas and national systems，Presenting the overall appearance of the intellectual history of bet365 casino bonus。Otherwise，It will be limited by the difference in viewing angles，Formating very different judgments。

1907，Pi Xirui publishes "History of Confucian Classics"。This book is regarded as a masterpiece of traditional classics，The evaluation of Ming Dynasty Confucian classics in the book is not high，Considered to be the “era of decline of Confucian classics”，The reason is that "Song Confucianism has its roots，So although the ancient meaning is discarded，You can still be your own family”，In the Yuan Dynasty, “little was gained from commentaries”，“Yuan is not as good as Song，bet365 casino bonus is not as good as the Yuan Dynasty”。Song、yuan、The level of Confucian classics in Ming Dynasty decreased from generation to generation。Pi Xirui responded with "Ji Ben、Hao Jing mostly relied on conjecture as an example，Confirmed to be inferior to Yuan。However，Confucianists’ evaluation of bet365 casino bonus is completely different。Huang Zongxi believes in "The Case of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty"，bet365 casino bonus was “independent of Neo-Confucianism，It is beyond the reach of previous generations，Ox hair cocoon silk，Everything is clear，It is really possible to achieve what the early Confucians did not achieve”。His reason is，Chen Baisha has made a breakthrough in "self-cultivation"，Transfer to subtlety；Wang Yangming pointed out that "everyone has a conscience"，Opened the road to self-cultivation and the union of saints。

Pi Xirui、Huang Zongxi lived in different eras，Their judgment from the perspective of Confucian classics and Neo-Confucianism，Reflecting the complexity of bet365 casino bonus’s ideological circles，It also shows that it is quite difficult to grasp the ideological outlook of bet365 casino bonus as a whole。The relationship between Confucian classics and Neo-Confucianism in bet365 casino bonus，Gu Yanwu believes that "Confucian classics is Neo-Confucianism"，However, scholars in the late Ming Dynasty stated that the scriptures are inconsistent with the classics，“Those who abandon the classics to learn theory，And heresy begins”。But many scholars in bet365 casino bonus thought，To talk about Neo-Confucianism is to talk about Confucian classics。The relationship between Confucian classics and Neo-Confucianism，It is not only the basis for thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties to evaluate the thoughts of bet365 casino bonus，Moreover, differences on this issue have led to completely different judgments。For example, the quarterly version criticized by Pi Xirui，It’s Biwangji、Qian Dehong、Zou Shouyi、Ouyang De and other Yangming disciples who started earlier，Also has a prominent position in the Neo-Confucian genealogy of "The Case of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty: Wang Men in Central Zhejiang"，But Huang Zongxi sticks to Neo-Confucianism，No comment on his classics works。

In fact，Ji Ben also discussed the well-field system。He starts from the people’s daily needs，Reflection on "Zhou Rites"，Analysis of "Mencius"，Discuss Zhou Chi，Drawing a six-foot step diagram to illustrate the ancient method，Has an important position in Ming Dynasty Confucian thought。And，His idea of ​​using scriptures to discuss the land system is not an exception。Qiu Jun、Hai Rui、Fei Hong、Wang Gen、Wang Ji、Tang Shunzhi、Famous Confucians such as Tang Zhenghe，Or ordinary grassroots officials such as Liu Chuquan, the magistrate of Ningguo County，We all discussed the distribution and approval of land and soil，Leaved valuable documents that can be used for research on the history of ideas。Just，The research approach focusing on the development context of Neo-Confucianism blocked them，Some scholars did not even appear in "The Case of Confucianism in bet365 casino bonus"。

　bet365 casino bonus and institutional questioning

Thoughts are a reflection of social reality，The most important element of social reality is the state of social development and the shape of the country、Institutional structure and practice。From the perspective of the relationship between thought and system in bet365 casino bonus，In addition to using "Zhou Rites" to analyze the land issue，On the national tax collection system represented by the "One Whip Law"，The local governance system represented by the township covenant，The national ideological shaping system represented by Jingyan，All have achieved important results。But，In presenting Ming Dynasty China as a historically mature state，In substantively advancing the limited judgments formed by European intellectual historians based on the development of European history，Still need to make an overall observation from the practice of bet365 casino bonus institutional system。simultaneously，We must accurately grasp the basic principles of intellectual history research，Research individuals with bright colors、Representative thinker，Analyze differential text，Discuss the effectiveness and drawbacks of ideological promotion of practice，Exploring the flow and echo of thoughts，Reflecting the interaction between individuals and institutions，Presenting the impact of institutional mechanisms on the generation of ideas。

From this，You might as well follow the accumulation of previous scholars，Thinking about the national land system represented by "Zhou Rites"、The national economic system represented by “one whip”、The national legal system represented by the township covenant、The ideological projection bet365 casino bonus national etiquette system represented by the Sutra Banquet，Beyond the limitations of traditional academic categories，Improve text analysis、The overall explanatory strength bet365 casino bonus case study，Full consideration is given to people’s sensitivity to social activities and the overall nature of thinking and response，Analyze the interaction between the ideological community and the operation bet365 casino bonus system，Exploring the ideological motivation of social development。

　　(This article is a phased result bet365 casino bonus National Social Science Fund Institute of Chinese History’s major historical issue research project “The relationship between the operation mode of centralized power in ancient China and the rise and fall of dynasties” (23VLS009))

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient bet365 casino bonus, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)