The 4th century AD to the 8th century is the transformation period of the Mediterranean civilization。During this transition period，From the 4th century until 476 Western Rome's death, it was also called "late Roman Empire"。Late Roman Empire History is more popular in some historical works called "brief history" and "abbreviation" by historians。"A Brief History of the Casting since the Founding of the City" is one of the most representative works in this period，This work has summarized the 10 chapters of Roman history from the reign of Emperor Valen since the establishment of the Roman City to 364。But only one year after the book is completed，Fastus is also commissioned by Emperor Valent，I wrote a book of Roman History，Known as a brief description of the Roman People's Trace "。This work is consistent with the time period involved in Yutrobius's works，But the length is shorter，Only about 30 paragraphs outline some important historical events since the establishment of Roman City。

Why is the historical works of the late Roman Empire written shorter and shorter? For researchers who pay attention to the history of history in this period，This is a question worth thinking about。2269_2294，You can see the late Roman Empire politics、The impact of changes in society and culture on the trend of historians。

The characteristics of the year -long history of the Roman Empire's Chronicles。The chronicle of the late Roman Empire has a relatively unified bet365 live casino games Christian worldview，According to a single or more clear -year system arrangement。Under the entry of each specific year，The author will generally list important events of the year，Sometimes a small amount of review。The intuitive feelings of this historic body are simple and boring，Lack of speculation and rhetoric in classical historical traditions。Bugis、Kulikovsky and other late Roman Empire Chronicles Researchers have pointed out some misunderstandings of the mainstream views of the academic community so far。First，Although many scholars regard the history of chronicles as typical Christian historic genre，But in fact this historic genre has a long tradition in the Mediterranean world，can be traced back to ancient Egypt and Assyria。Next，Chronicles and Hero Dorde、Xiu Xidide will take narrative as the main，Focus on exploring、Rhetoric、The classical narrative history of teaching is two different historic genre，Have different functions。

The Romans have noticed the characteristics of chronicles in the first century BC。Cyysro praised his friend Attique's chronicle in "Brurtus" as a novel historical genre，The practicality he needs，I can understand all the historical processes in the order of time at a glance。In the late Roman Empire, a large number of chronological works appeared，The basic paradigm is laid by the "Father of the History of the Church" Yosibalu and Latin Godfather Jerom。The chronicle created by Yixiwu has absorbed the chronicles of the history of Greek history、Roman History Traditional Middle Age Middle Middle Middle Middle Agemor characteristic characteristics of the history of historians，bet365 Play online games But his work has not been completely retained。Jerom translated the Greek "Chronicle" of Yusiwu、Adapted and continued writing，This work was widely circulated in the Mediterranean world at that time，And there have been multiple renewal versions in the past two centuries。The entire chronicle of Jerom was originally divided into 4 columns，is Assyria、Hebrew、Gikon (ancient Greece)、Egypt。On the one hand, he describes the historical events of these countries and nations on the one hand; on the other hand, these columns are arranged in parallel，The development process of major countries and nations around the world and nations in the cognition of Romans is presented.。The number of these columns and the chronological method are dynamic changes，Sometimes according to the rules of the ruler，It is also included in the popular age of the Olympia cycle。With the development of world history，The columns of some countries and nations are replaced by the new column。The original Assyria and other columns in the book disappear，Mi Dian、Persian、Sparta、Athens、Macedonia's column has been added one after another，Most time to reach 7 columns。After the Romans appear，The number of columns gradually decreases，Finally in the 212 Olympia cycle，With the occupation of Jerusalem with Emperor Titus，The column of the Jews disappeared，Only the Roman column is left。All world historical events have been included in the history of the Roman Empire since then，Important events in Christian history have also been placed on important time nodes in Roman history。Therefore，In Jerom's "Chronicles"，The world's historical bet365 Play online games development clues are clear and intuitive to the reader's eyes。People can quickly understand the rise and fall of various nations and countries in the world in this work，and see all nations and nations that finally integrate into the Roman Empire and have accepted Christian beliefs。Compared with classical narrative historical tailor works，Jerom's "Chronicles" is simple and clear for the panoramic way of world history development trends、The language is flat and easy to retrieve，There is no complicated story among them、Long speeches or excessive analysis and preaching，Anyone can read as long as anyone needs to master Latin or Greek，These characteristics are exactly what classical narrative history works are not available。

The background of the era of changes in the trend of historians of the Roman Empire in the late Roman Empire。The overall trend of the historic development of the late Roman Empire has a tendency of pragmatism，I can't simply regard this period as only as the decline of classical history，but the Mediterranean World Politics at the time、The performance of social and cultural transformation。Compared with the previous era，The complexity and refinement of the political system are a feature of the late Roman Empire。Jones pointed out，The primary feature of the late Roman Empire is its bureaucratic system。According to Jones、Christoper Kelly and others statistics，In the Empire of the 2nd century，The entire Roman government is maintained by hundreds of officials。And around the 6th century，The number of officials from the entire empire is about 30,000 to 35,000，This change in the number of people is mainly bet365 Play online games derived from the reform of the political system of the Roman Empire in the early 4th century.。It is not difficult to find，The author of most secular historical works after the 4th century，such as Yutrobius、Fastus、Olilius Victor、Zosi Musus、Promer and others used to be the middle and upper -level cultural officials of the Roman Empire，They must have a certain Roman historical knowledge in their daily administrative work，This is the characteristic of the late Roman Empire's political culture。Since Decry first，The Roman government pays more and more attention to the rhetoric of the decree，Many laws and regulations will quote the tradition and historical precedent of ancient Rome in the beginning to emphasize the rationality promulgated by the decree。For Roman Empire Cultural officials who draft the law，If there is no basic understanding of Roman history and even world history，Can't compete for such a job。

Militaryization of the ruling class is another feature of the late Roman Empire。Cultural officials of the Roman Empire need to provide historical knowledge for the ruling class。According to Ian Wood estimation，At the end of the 4th and early 5th century，The entire Roman Empire may be soldiers every 10 adult men。In sculpture and painting，The popular image of the upper levels of the Roman society has also gradually transformed from the veteran of the traditional Tota robe to a general wearing a uniform。Many ruler at that time was a soldier -soldry，The senior officials under their men also have a large number of officers from the Empire border area，The degree of education is not high in general。These people need to cooperate bet365 live casino games with each other when they participate in the administrative affairs of the empire.，Therefore, you also need to have the basic knowledge of Roman history as soon as possible。

，Construction of the Management System of Christian Church in the Roman Empire after the 4th century，It also imitates the administrative system of the Roman Empire。The number of converted to Christianity is increasing，The level and average cultural level of believers are also continuously improved。For the clergy in the Mediterranean at the time，They are in the daily way of preaching to the public，You also need to master the basic knowledge of Roman history and world history。Because if you combine history and theology to explain the frequent war and social turmoil at the time，can often convince those upper -level believers with higher classical cultural accomplishment。

In short,，The simplified trend of traditional narrative history and the popularity of chronological history and the needs of the late Roman Empire ruling class are consistent，These works allow the rulers and officials to master the basic knowledge of Roman history and world history as much as possible in a short time。The vast classical historical works of the rolling are once an important cultural product for the self -education and pasta of the upper levels of the ancient Greek Roman society，But in the late Roman Empire，With the change of political system and social and cultural needs，The audience of such works is increasingly reduced，Unable to meet the needs of the ruling class that focus on pragmatism and administrative efficiency。In this era environment，It is not difficult to understand why Emperor Valencus entrusted Yutrobibius bet365 live casino games to write a not long Roman history，Elegant Fesuz wrote a shorter of similar works。

　　Bet365 lotto review

(The author is a professor of the Department of World History at the School of Humanities of Shanghai Normal University)