Well -known，The research object of "Capital" is "capitalist production method and the relationship and exchange relationship that is suitable for it"。Compared to classical political economics，Marx not only realizes the form of the relationship between capitalist production relationships that must be resorted to the relationship between things and things，and consciously reveal the relationship between people and people under the relationship between the relationship between the argument and objects。Not only that，"Capital Theory" also cut its research objects，It is mainly due to its "abstract power"; "analysis of economic forms" cannot use microscope and chemical reagents，Must with "abstraction"。Some scholars simply discuss the discussions based on Marx's "two methods" and "two roads"，If the "narrative method must be different from the research method"、The second road is "scientific and correct method" and so on，Limited "abstraction" only to "from abstraction to specific"，or even equivalent "abstraction" and dialectics。The above view not only splits the inner connection of "two methods" or "two roads"，and separate the process of understanding the political economy and the construction process of the economic system。

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Although classical political economics is not cut, its research object，But it doesn’t mean that there is no abstraction，It's just that its abstraction is biased，Either 囿 囿 囿，It is limited to "from specific to abstraction"，Either insufficient abstraction，Book the scope of the still stated as a known，Differential "specific" to cater to "abstract"。Marx summarized the two bet365 best casino games roads passed by classical political economics as: "On the first road，Complete appearance evaporation is abstract; on the second road，Abstract regulations lead to specific reproduction in the thinking itinerary。"" The first path is mainly used by classical political economics during the generation period，Ru Di Taxation Theory starts from the country，The public funding of the country constitutes the starting point of his research，Gradually form a relatively simple concept through analysis -land rent、Labor price、Value, etc.。Under the influence of British materialism philosophy in the 17th century，Method of Natural Science，Especially the quantity of mathematics research methods are used in economics，Using "political arithmetic" and "political anatomy" to analyze perceptual materials，Strive to abstract "the simplest regulations"。Of course，Method of copying natural science，No awareness of the particularity of economic relations，Even the most advanced calculation technology or microscope，It can not be counted as capitalist economics or find capitalist economic cells。but，With the method of using natural science, abstract "the simplest regulations"，It is an inevitable link for building a classical political economy system and even Marxist political economy system。

Compared with a big step forward，Smith and Li Jiatu adopted the second road during the development and completion period of classical political economics，They start from abstract regulations，In the thinking schedule, it becomes "the overall overall of many regulations and relationships"，Building a classical political economy system。For example，Smith from labor、division of labor、Value and other simple economic categories departure，Research salary、profit、Three social classes bet365 live casino games of land rent and capitalist society，Last study the country、Tax、Public debt, etc.。Although Smith and Li Jiatu use the second road，But their "abstraction" is not enough，No research object。Smith does not realize the difference between abstraction and experience，confuses both，To make his work in his works, there is a contradiction with "two ways of understanding"，"One method more or less expresses the inner connection more or less"，Another method also reasonably "expresses the connection that is expressed outside"，And he did not pass any "intermediary link"，confuses "general abstract forms" and "any special form of its special form"，If the remaining value and profit、Land rental equivalent。Li Jiatu also made similar errors，He "assumes facts、Event "，Skinning from abstraction to specific "intermediary link"，Forcedly equivalent specific to abstract regulations，and try to eliminate the phenomenon of contradiction with the law of value，Make "specific" catering "abstract"。So，Smith and Li Jiatu's main error，Skipping from abstraction to specific "intermediary link"，Become the key，It also proves that their "abstraction" is very different。

　　Dialectics: From abstraction to specific "intermediary link"

Realizing the "intermediary link" from abstraction to specific "intermediary links" is dialectics。Although Marx recognizes II Kaifman's criticism to the method of "Capital" to a certain extent: the research method is "strict realism"，The narrative method is "German Dialectics"。but，In "Capital"，Different dialectics of realizing the "intermediary link" are different from "German Dialectics"，Although there is a certain connection between them。"Dialectics of Germany" (Dialectical Law of Hegel) is the Dialectics of Concept，The concept is both entity and subject，bet365 Play online games And in the understanding of philosophy，The process of generating the movement is proof and interpretation of the concept。So，Hegel is in an illusion，He puts the "real world" and "the world of understanding"、"Reality Specific" and "Specific Thought" mixes，Think that they are "thinking、Product of the concept generated by yourself "，The process of "reality and specific" is the process of recognition of "thought specific"。

On the contrary，Marx thinks，"From abstract to specific method，Just thinking is used to master the specific、Taking it as a spiritual and specific way "，It is by no means the production process of "reality and specific"。"Specific Thought" is the product of "processing intuitive and appearance into concepts"，is "Thinking、Understanding "product; it is not reality and specific，Reality "Maintain its independence outside the mind"。The specific production process of reality and thought is also different，The specific production process of reality is performed in real history，The specific production process of thought is performed in the process of understanding。And，The order of real category in the process of real history is different from the order of thinking in the process of understanding，The former follows the order of "history"，The latter follows the "logic" order，The development order of the two is exactly the opposite。

Marx talked about his economics methods in the letter to the tohus，It is pointed out that "Logic" helped him a lot in the method of material processing，For example, when analyzing the value of the product in "Capital"，Marx used Hegel's "Individual -General -Special" dialectical three -stage type。but，Different dialectics from Hegel，Marx is based on the duality of the concept as the intermediary realization from abstraction to specific，Each concept is based on its duality as the bet365 live casino games intermediary.，Construct a system that specifies each other between concepts。"Capital" starts from the product and its duality，Standardized labor、currency、Capital、Remaining value、Capital circulation、Capital circulation、The total process of capitalist production, etc.，Building a political economy system。Despite this，In the process of rising from abstraction to a specific narrative process，The system built by Hegel and Marx only realizes a specific conceptual understanding，Hegel is realized by confusing the "cognitive object" and "real object"，Marx is realized through "the product of the mind of thinking" or "what has been transformed in the mind"。So，Marx's dialectics as a narrative method，Not yet realized "the understanding of the affirmation of existing things at the same time includes the understanding of the negation of existing things"，Not a dialectical law of criticism and revolution。

　　Abstract power: "From specific to abstraction" and "from abstraction to specific"

Principles of building an economic system、The category is "the social relationship of production" abstraction，It is the "simpler regulation" from specific to abstract; people establish corresponding social relationships in accordance with their production methods，Create the corresponding principle according to their social relationship、category。So，To make the principle、The reality of the economic system built in the category，The principle must be analyzed、"Historical Movement" in the category，Start from "Personal Personal"，Describe their "Practical Activities and Real Development Process"，Seek a solid realistic foundation for dialectics。Hegel regards the "historical movement" as "proof and interpretation of concepts"，Marx pointed out，Thinking about the bet365 Play online games form of human life，Scientific analysis of these forms，Always adopt roads with the opposite actual development。This kind of thought is to start after the post -post -post -after -after，Start from the result of the development process。Only this，The principle of building an economic system、The category for "a certain social production method in history, that is, the production relationship of commodity production"，is the "objective thinking form"，Only "social effect"。In view of this，Marx pointed out，"Research Method" ("From specific to abstraction") and "narrative method" ("from abstraction to specific") are only formal，It is necessary to unify the "two methods" or "two roads"，Abandon the "Mysterious Shell" of Hegel Dialectics，The "reasonable kernel" of rescue dialectics - "history" principle。

So far，Marx is no longer a simple conceptual understanding of "reality and specific"，He described "reality" with "abstraction"，Discovered "the confrontation of the capitalist production method", "the increasingly vivid and threatening of class struggle", etc.，Through in -depth analysis of them，"Criticize the discovery of the new world in the old world"，Realize the understanding of the "temporary" and "historic" of the existing world，It also constructed the corresponding principle、category and economic system，Make it critical and revolutionary。

To sum up，Although Marx criticized the "abstraction" of classical political economics and Hegel's "abstraction", from abstraction to specific defects，But he did not abandon them simply，Because there is no "first road" of classical political economy，Marx is difficult to obtain the principle of building an economic system、Category; if there is no dialectics of Hegel，It is difficult for Marx to increase from abstraction to specific "intermediary link"。

　(This article is the "Research on the Philosophy of Capital" (18xnb028) in the Scientific Research Fund Project of Renmin University of China (18xnb028)

(Author unit: Beijing university ideological and political theory class High -tech innovation center、School of Marxism, Renmin University of China)