As everyone knows，The research object of "Das Kapital" is "the capitalist mode of production and its corresponding production relations and exchange relations"。Compared to classical political economy，Marx not only realized that capitalist production relations must resort to the form of relationships between things，And consciously reveal the relationship between people under the cover of the relationship between things。Not only that，"Das Kapital" also hits the target of its research，Mainly due to its "bet365 champions league power"；"Analyzing economic forms" cannot use microscopes and chemical reagents，Must use "bet365 champions league power"。Some scholars simply base their discussion on Marx’s “two methods” and “two roads”，For example, "The narrative method must be different from the research method"、The second path is the "scientifically correct method" etc.，Limit "bet365 champions league power" to "from bet365 champions league to concrete"，Or even equate “bet365 champions league power” with dialectics。The above view not only separates the intrinsic connection between the "two methods" or "two roads"，And separate the cognitive process of political economy from the construction process of the economic system。

　　Classical political economics: the bet365 champions league power of missing “intermediary links”

Although classical political economics did not hit the target of its research，But it does not mean that there is no bet365 champions league power，It’s just that its bet365 champions league power is biased，Or limited to the paradigm of natural science，Limited to “from concrete to bet365 champions league”，Either the abstraction is not strong enough，Defining as known the categories yet to be elucidated，Trying to distort “concrete” to cater to “bet365 champions league”。Marx summarized the two paths taken by classical political economy as: “On the first path，Complete representation evaporates into bet365 champions league prescriptions；On the second road，bet365 champions league regulations lead to concrete representations in the process of thinking。”The first path was mainly adopted by classical political economics during its emergence，For example, Petty's "On Taxation" starts with the state，The country’s public funding constitutes the starting point of his research，Through analysis, some relatively simple concepts are gradually formed - land rent、Labor price、Value etc.。Under the influence of British materialist philosophy in the 17th century，Petty’s method of natural science，Especially the application of quantitative research methods in mathematics to economics，Use "political arithmetic" and "political anatomy" to analyze perceptual materials，Strive to bet365 champions league the "simplest regulations" from the perceptual concrete。Of course，Petty copied the methods of natural science，Not aware of the particularity of economic relations，Even the most advanced computing technology or microscope，It is also impossible to calculate the economics of capitalism or find the economic cells of capitalism。But，Petty used the method of natural science to bet365 champions league the "simplest regulations"，It is an inevitable link in constructing the classical political economics system and even the Marxist political economics system。

A big step forward than the ranking，Smith and Ricardo adopted the second path during the development and completion of classical political economy，They start from bet365 champions league regulations，Made it into a “rich totality with many determinations and relationships” in the thought process，Constructed the classical political economics system。For example，Smith from labor、Division of labor、Start from simple economic categories such as value，Research Salary、Profit、Land rent and the three social classes of capitalist society, etc.，Last research country、Taxation、Public bonds, etc.。Although Smith and Ricardo adopted the second path，But their "bet365 champions league power" is not enough，It didn’t hit the research target either。Smith did not realize the difference between bet365 champions league and empirical phenomena，Confused the two，Resulting in the contradiction of "two methods of understanding" in his works，“A method expresses the inner connection more or less correctly”，Another method also reasonably "expresses the externally manifested connection"，And he did not go through any "intermediary link"，Confusing "general bet365 champions league form" with "any of its special forms"，If we compare surplus value and profit、Ground rent is equal。Ricardo also made a similar mistake，He “assumes as fact” categories that have not yet been stated、Event”，Skip the "intermediary link" from bet365 champions league to concrete，Forced to equate concrete and bet365 champions league regulations，And try to eliminate phenomena that contradict the law of value，Make "concrete" meet "bet365 champions league"。So，The main error shared by Smith and Ricardo，That is, skipping the "intermediary link" from bet365 champions league to concrete，Becomes the key to "Das Kapital" epistemologically surpassing classical political economy，It also proves that there is a big difference in their "bet365 champions league power"。

　　Dialectics: the "intermediary link" from bet365 champions league to concrete

Realizing the "intermediary link" that rises bet365 champions league abstraction to concreteness is dialectics。Although Marx recognized to a certain extent I. Kaufman's criticism of the method of "Capital": the research method is "strict realism"，The narrative method is "German Dialectics"。But，In Capital，The dialectics to realize the "intermediary link" is different bet365 champions league the "German dialectics"，Although there is a certain connection between them。“German dialectics” (Hegel’s dialectics) is conceptual dialectics，Concept is both an entity and a subject，And in the understanding of philosophy，The process of generating motion is the proof and deduction of the concept。So，Hegel fell into hallucination，He differentiates between "real world" and "understood world"、“Concrete reality” is confused with “concrete thought”，Consider them "thinking、The product of a self-generating concept”，The production process of "concrete reality" is the cognitive process of "concrete thought"。

On the contrary，Marx believes，“From bet365 champions league to concrete methods，Just thinking is used to grasp the concrete、Treat it as a concrete way of spiritual representation”，It is by no means a process of producing “reality and concreteness”。"Concrete thought" is the product of "processing intuition and representation into concepts"，It is "thinking、The product of understanding；It is not reality specific，Reality concrete “maintains its independence outside the mind”。The production process of concrete reality and concrete thought are also different，Real and specific production processes are carried out in real history，The specific production process of thought is carried out in the process of cognition。And，The order of the categories of reality in the process of actual history is different from the order of categories of thinking in the process of cognition，The former follows the real "historical" order，The latter follows a "logical" order，The order of development of the two is exactly opposite。

Marx talks about his economic method in his letter to Engels，Pointed out that "Logic" helped him a lot in the method of material processing，For example, when analyzing the value of commodities in Capital，Marx used Hegel’s dialectical three-stage formula of “individual-general-particular” etc.。But，Different from Hegel’s dialectics，Marx used the duality of concepts as a medium to achieve the rise from abstraction to concreteness，Every concept defines other concepts through the mediation of its duality，Construct a system that stipulates each other between concepts。"Das Kapital" starts from the commodity and its duality，Required labor、Currency、Capital、Residual value、Capital accumulation、Capital circulation、The total process of capitalist production, etc.，Constructed a political economics system。Nevertheless，In the process of rising from bet365 champions league to concrete narrative，The systems constructed by Hegel and Marx only realized concrete conceptual understanding，Hegel achieved this by confusing "cognitive objects" and "real objects"，Marx realizes it through the method of "products of the thinking mind" or "things transformed in the mind"。So，Marx’s dialectics as a narrative method，It has not yet been realized that "the positive understanding of existing things also includes the negative understanding of existing things"，Not critical and revolutionary dialectics。

　　bet365 champions league power: “from concrete to bet365 champions league” and “from bet365 champions league to concrete”

Principles of building an economic system、Categories are abstractions of “social relations of production”，It is the "simplest stipulation" obtained by moving from concrete to bet365 champions league；People establish corresponding social relationships according to their production methods，And created corresponding principles based on their social relationships、Category。So，In order to make the principle、The economic system constructed by categories is realistic and concrete，The production principle must be analyzed、The “historical movement” of categories，That is, starting from the "real individual"，Describe their “practical activities and actual development process”，Seeking a solid realistic foundation for dialectics。Compared with Hegel’s view of “historical movement” as “proof and deduction of concepts”，Marx pointed out，Thoughts on human life forms，Scientific analysis of these forms，Always take the opposite path to actual development。This kind of thinking started after the fact，Starts from the completion of the development process。Only this，Principles of building an economic system、Category refers to "a certain social production mode in history, that is, the production relations of commodity production"，It is the "objective form of thinking"，Only with "social effectiveness"。In view of this，Marx pointed out，The difference between "research method" ("from concrete to bet365 champions league") and "narrative method" ("from bet365 champions league to concrete") is only formal，The "two methods" or "two roads" must be unified，Abandon the "mysterious shell" of Hegelian dialectics，Saving the "reasonable core" of dialectics - the "historical" principle。

So far，Marx no longer has a simple conceptual understanding of "reality concrete"，He used "bet365 champions league power" to truly describe "reality"，And discovered the "antagonism of the capitalist mode of production" and "the increasingly clear and threatening nature of class struggle" etc.，Through in-depth analysis of them，"Criticize the old world and discover the new world"，Achieving an understanding of the “temporality” and “historicity” of the existing world，Also constructed the corresponding principles、Categories and economic systems，Making it critical and revolutionary。

In summary，Although Marx criticized the shortcomings of classical political economy and Hegel's "bet365 champions league power" in rising from the bet365 champions league to the concrete，But he did not simply throw them away，Because if there is no "first way" of classical political economy，It was difficult for Marx to obtain the principles for constructing an economic system、Category；Without Hegel’s dialectics，It is difficult for Marx to realize the "intermediary link" from bet365 champions league to concrete。

　(This article is a phased result bet365 champions league Renmin University of China Scientific Research Fund Project "Research on the Philosophical Thoughts of Capital" (18XNB028)

(Author’s unit: Advanced Innovation Center for Ideological and bet365 champions league Theory Courses in Beijing Universities、School of Marxism, Renmin University of China)