Face the world's increasingly serious ecological crisis，Western ecological Marxism is in response to various "challenges"，Persist in the basic position of Marxism，Try to "reconstruct" the basic theory of Marx，Actively seeking theoretical reflection on ecological issues。

Although facing the same question，But the angle of different western ecological Marxist scholars is not the same。Foster thinks，It contains important ecological values ​​in Marx's theory of materialism。Study on the natural view of materialism and historical view，He constructed the "material transformation" doctrine，It provides a new path for solving the ecological crisis。Compared with it，Oconn denied that Marx's theory has ecological dimensions，But starting from Marx's production conditions，Discussing dual contradictions that cause ecological problems，Build his ecological theoretical basis with this。Different from it is，Gauz attaches great importance to the relationship between socialism and ecology，Re -grasp the basic content of socialism from the perspective of human and nature，Both recognize the meaning of economic rationality，It is also necessary to limit the scope of its role，Targets that achieve economic growth while ensuring economic growth。

First，Western ecological bet365 live casino games Marxism's different understanding of the concept of nature。Oconn believes，Historical materialism will objective and abstract nature，Naturally, it is only regarded as a passive labor object used to conquer and transform。From this，Oconn proposed that the natural realm should be the existence of autonomy and purpose，Forms "collaboration" as the entry point、Contains a new society of "culture" and "nature"。"Cooperation" not only includes people and people，Also includes human and nature，Naturally, it is not only the "partner" of the production process，and is a "collaborator" with independence and autonomy。

Different，Foster takes the concept of "metabolism" as the core，Re -analyzing the process of the production and development of materialist thought，and explain the close contact of nature and history。He discovered the ecological meaning that has been completely covered in historical materialism，It is the cracked crack that has formed in the process of material transformation of capitalism，Cracks have caused alienation between man and nature，and the deterioration of human survival and ecological environment。Foster's perspective on material transformation and regulating human activities by discussing the concept of "metabolism"，It clearly summarizes the practice of transforming nature，Contains both natural conditions and the ability of people who affect this process。The concept of "metabolism" not only highlights the objectivity bet365 best casino games of nature，It also shows the ability of people to be in front of nature。

Second，Western ecology Marxism in depth of social contradictions。Oconn pointed out，The discussion in historical materialism is too much emphasizing the conflict of contradictions within the production method，Ecological research still has theoretical empty field。So，He proposed the theory of double contradictions and dual crisis，closely combining socio -economic factors with environmental ecology，Link Marxism's assertion on the economic crisis and ecological theory，And point out that the first contradiction is the contradiction between capitalist productivity and production relations，The second contradiction is the opposition between production methods and production conditions，Due to it caused a two -way crisis of economy and ecology，So it is the main contradiction and live in an important position。Aukner's dual opposition and dual crisis theory，I brought a new angle to understanding the production relationship of contemporary capitalist。but，Ocomner believes that the environmental crisis of the bourgeoisie is more serious than the economic crisis，This inverted the relationship between the two in essence，It indicates that Okinner still attempts to maintain the validity of capital in human society，Its critical theory does not exceed the scope of capitalism。

Different from Organ analyzed social contradictions，Foster mainly explains Bet365 lotto review the continuous growth of capital and the limited conflict of ecosystems，So，The root cause of ecological problems lies in the expansion logic of capitalism。From Foster's view，Naturally a relatively limited ecosystem，but the capital will never expand endlessly，Both must have contradictions。but，The contradiction between the two does not force human society to stop moving forward，Instead，To realize the harmonious coexistence of man and nature。

third，Western ecology Marxism reflection on social development model。The idea of ​​the social development model，Western ecological Marxism proposed to shift from Soviet and Eastern European socialism to ecological socialism。They think，It is because the Soviet and Eastern European traditional socialist countries are too dependent on "allocation of justice"，Only when you pay too much attention to the exchange relationship rather than the production relationship，so。Oconn believes，For ecological problems，Socialism and ecology need to make reasonable and fair allocation of capitalist resources，To overcome economic risks and ecological crises、Coexistence of capitalist economic crisis and ecological crisis，New binding points brought to socialism and ecology。Based on the relationship between the dual opposition and ecological crisis of capitalist duality，Try to combine the radical green thought with the environmental movement，and provide an ecological bet365 live casino games socialist road for solving ecological problems。At the same time，Ocomna's proposal should shift from "allocation of justice" to "production justice"，It advocates the use of value domination value，Production activities as needed rather than profit，Attention and maintaining good ecological conditions。

In addition，Oconn and Gogo both believe that the answer to ecological questions should be found from ecological socialism，But the specific ideas of the two of them have their own characteristics。Gogota maintains economic rationality on the basis of ecological rationality，Liberate people from alien labor。Specific ways to ecological socialism，Ocomna's proposal to carry out ecological socialist reforms through the "Global Audid Greening Movement"。Danura proposed to choose "Structural Reform Strategy"，Adopt the social structural reform strategy of the new worker class，From bottom to top、With "non -violent" form，Implement a gradual comprehensive reform。

Relatively speaking，Aonori's perspective is wider，But Gogota for the specific method、Relying on strength and other main aspects of understanding is clear than O'Conner。Aonori more often put forward a strategic idea，Stop at the theoretical appeal。So，On the one hand，Gauz's "Structural Reform Strategy" is relatively operable，And on the other hand，Stop changing in the emerging workers and the people is more broad than that of Anti -Auditism and greenists than Ao bet365 best casino games Conner.。General speaking，They advocate grassroots democracy，Constructing an ecological sustainable community，But this change does not essentially cannot shake the fundamental system of capitalism。

Western ecology Marxism combines Marxist theory with contemporary natural environment crisis，The relationship between people and nature、Social contradictions of capitalism、Social development model and other aspects of theoretical innovation。but，Okinner's theory still exists in Western Marxist dual -opposed thinking paradigm，and use binary opposition in the thinking of historical materialism，History of historical materialism as a linear decision on the perspective of scientificism as a linear decision -making theory for productivity and production relationship，Then judge historical materialism as an anti -ecological theory。Relatively speaking，Foster's Ecological Reconstruction Theory，I did not regard historical materialism as an important analysis method to supplement ecology，but just discuss ecological problems as the main point of Marx philosophy，thus breaking through the dual contradictions of western Marxism scientific and technologicalism and humanitarianism。In short，The theoretical theory of Ecological Marxism focuses on analyzing the essence of historical materialism，Break through the dual opposition paradigm，Adhere to connotation and form、The combination of theory and practice，Provides new development Bet365 app download paths for the solution of the ecological crisis。

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(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Heilongjiang University)