Since the beginning of the 1940s, the Social Change Speaking Lecture has been completed at Columbia University in the early 1940s，Franz Newman and Herbert Malkase continued to philosophy、Social Theory and Classic Marxist Political Economics Criticism combined，Discussion in the economy of different social development、Politics、Cultural psychology (value) and the dialectical relationship between them and social changes，Try to further develop Marx's thought on social changes。

The so -called "social change theory"，Refers to the major changes and related theories of the social system，Mainly discuss the relationship between freedom and inevitable relationships in social changes and the subjective factor that caused social changes，and try to find out the motivation of changes in the possibility of the highest implementation of the individual。Newman and Malkase pointed out，Social changes can only get a complete understanding in the overallness of the society and nature of human life，Although personal、Society、Natural three reflected different relationship forms in different development stages，But the relationship between economic behavior and political culture is always through。

Newman and Malkase according to different themes and theoretical purposes，Divide the theory of social development into four development stages。First，equivalent Bet365 app download to social changes with the process of human life，Ancient philosophy of the explorators maximized the potential。In the transformation from traditional city -state to level countries，People、Natural、Society blend with each other，Unified in the laws of nature or the general laws of human beings。Although the discussion on social changes at this stage has not yet possessed the fact that social change elements in the real modern sense，But at this stage, the use of human diversity potential as the principle of labor division of labor，and give the legitimacy of personal interests。At the same time，This stage will change society、People’s heart、The connection between the three economic structures is regarded as a confrontation factor contained in the theoretical content of rebuilding the theoretical content of the country and the mind of the individual，Dynamic factors and pursuit of goals that have implied the doctrine of modern social changes。

Second，Putting the problem of social changes in the medieval theology of the static level order of the "City of the World" and the "City of God"。Under the orthodox doctrine of Thomas Aquina's "Theology"，The so -called social change at this stage is just a change in the sense of ontology under the governance of eternal laws，The direction and value of the change are destined。Dignity of the moral law of defending the existing society，Social division of opposition to all influence "Tian Ding" is the mainstream trend of this stage，People、Natural、Social unity in Bet365 lotto review the framework of doctrine。Despite this，We can also criticize the traditional life model from Awellianism、From the perspective of productivity, consider the dynamic process of life order、The theoretical propositions of the life responsibilities that rational people should bear，Seeing the ideological appeal of the rise of early capitalism and the social change theoretical elements of the social change theoretical elements of the criticism of materialist critical vision。

third，From the secular society opened by Machiaweli to the beginning stage of modern capitalism。The reorganization of rationalism provides an empirical element for analyzing the framework of social changes for the current social structure。In this process，Social changes have gained a new form in Hegel's dialectics，"Social change is no longer a relatively static reality of individual events，It has become the primary reality itself，And all static conditions must be explained by this reality "。Newman and Malkase pointed out，Dialectically changing concepts means rejecting all reconciliation theories，The inherent contradictions of the social system can be resolved only by destroying the system itself。Hegel is trying to solve the contradictions of continuously opposed private Bet365 app download interests and public interests through strong national power、The problem of wealth and poverty reverse accumulation exacerbation is unrealistic。Because in their opinion，"How can a miscellaneous and heterogeneous individual interests produce a common good? How can private interests and public interest be consistent?" So，The so -called "social changes" at this stage are just "just adjusting the avarker imbalance"，I did not fundamentally change the essence of society，I did not answer questions about how social changes are possible。

Fourth，The formation of social changes from social changes to social revolution，That is the formation and development period of the Marxist socialist revolution theory。This is the conversion of social change theory from quantity to qualitative change，Social change becomes the inevitability result of social changes。With the enhancement of various confrontation forces within modern society，In the established social reproduction mode，The problems faced by people are no longer the adjustment of society to adapt to social change，Instead, we must completely criticize the existing society，To achieve completely different social forms as the final change goal。This involves the motivation of social changes and the problem of undertaking the subject。

A concept of close connection with social changes is "value"。From the perspective of some Western scholars，Value is "specification and wish"，Value is not personal preference，Instead, it promotes the public to meet their material and cultural needs，and the reasons for action in the process of defining this need。Value not only reflects existing production relationships and existing consumption models，and also implies some possibility factors that are inherent in social productivity but are suppressed by social productivity。Newman Bet365 lotto review and Marcase thinks，New social value expression is often generated first in the new social system，The fundamental value change will reveal the new historical possibility，Make the forces that have not been included in the process of social changes。So，How can the new value revolution become a material force，Converted into aggressive social enzymes，Promote social development? This includes two aspects: on the one hand, "extreme Keyneism"，that is, theory via politics、Sales of social structure and penetrate people。The kind of diligence and thrift in Weber theory、The impulse to focus on expanding investment has become a strong desire for consumption，But at the same time, it is inevitable that real estate the aversion to performance evaluation and the necessity of alienation for life。On the other hand, from the social structure itself，For example, the quality of products and services that worsen worsening、The anti -logic of confrontation logic that is repeatedly destroyed by non -normal ways makes the revolution possible。In other words，The transformation of the use value to aesthetic value has spawned a new social change model and power。

So，Who will be the main catalyst of social changes? For the ambiguous proletariat，Newman and Malkuse insist on the subjectivity of the proletariat in the process of social changes，But at the same time, it is proposed that it must be redefined and organized according to the new historical reality。The proletariat as the "free revolutionary class"，Is a comprehensive economy、bet365 live casino games Politics、The true dialectical concept of the philosophy category，It must be based on specific production methods and the survival and political conditions brought by it，and the social consciousness developed in this form to comprehensively consider and define it。Therefore，Intellectuals、Student、Women, etc. will also appear as the main force of social changes on the stage of social change。In short，Malcusce's worry is，To achieve free human society，"If this generation is not struggling，So maybe it's late "。

Totally，In national socialism about nationalism、Free Capitalism and the possibility of political and economic relations in post -industrial society and the possibility of social change，Newman and Marcuscei adhere to a kind of and Polk、Hawkheimer and others different theoretical temperament，They always adhere to the decisive role of Marxist theory on the foundation of productivity and economic relations and advocate revolutionary actions for capitalist society。Practicality is the main feature of them different from other scholars。No doubt，Strengthen the research on the theory of social changes in the Frankfurt School "Valuable"，Because this represents the other in the 1940s, another kind of and Hawkheimer、Adono different，"More practical -political significance" dimension。The excavation of this theme can shake the established concept of the history of Frankfurt theory to some extent，That is, the saying that the entire Frankfurt School has been far from social practice and political actions since the 1940s.。

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