Engels wrote to Conrad Schmitter's letter on August 5, 1890 to talk about，"For many young writers in Germany，The word ‘materialism’ is just a set of words，They use the words as labels to various things，No further research，means，They are posted on this label，I thought the problem has been solved "。Visible，Many young Germans just use the "linguistics" of materialism to build their own poor historical knowledge to form a "general system"。Different from this，"The historical outlook of us (Marx and Engels -Quoters) is the guide to the research work first，Not the leverage of the system in accordance with the Hegel school method。It must be re -study all history "，This historical concept requires detailed research "the existence of various social forms"，Then try to find the corresponding politics from these conditions、Law、Philosophy、Religious views。

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Engels's repeated description of the historical materialism responded to a common misunderstanding in Marxist development。For a long time，Historical materialism is regarded as a philosophical category about historical inevitable process or general social theory。where，Such as productivity and production relationship、Economic foundation and upper -level buildings、Class and exploitation, etc.，It is also explained as "general theory" from any experience process。This interpretation has caused a fundamental problem: Although historical materialism is to explain social development，inevitable scientific abstraction and category construction，But，Once this scientific abstract "general category" is used to summarize experience objects，It is trapped in the logic of ultra -history and replaced the error of historical analysis of the specific objects.。It is in this sense，Marx and Engels have noticed the "Marxist" of the same time early，Just use the view of materialism as an excuse for studying history and simply abstract into a universal formula that can be applied everywhere。and Marx pointed out，All in the production stage、The general regulations abstracted by thinking are of course exist，But with these "general regulations", it is impossible to understand the production stage of any realistic bet365 best casino games history。In "German Ideology"，Marx and Engels discussed the "certain production method" or "certain industrial stage"，It is linked to "a certain common activity method" or "certain social stage"，instead of any abstract "production general"。In other words，Understand the "certain" nature of production or social activities，is the key to entering the "real history" that transcends the ideal history of the ideal，The inherent tendency of historical materialism requires rising from "general theory" and "general regulations" to specific theories with historical specificity、Specific regulations。

If "German Ideology" still stays more in the "general theory" of the production method，So，When Marx entered the period of criticism of political economics，The "certain" nature of this production is only grasped。Marx realized at this time，To grasp the specificity of this social process，This survey cannot start from the most original stage of the production system，but must point to the most developed form，That is, the bourgeois economic form。Bourgeois society as "the most developed and most diverse historical production organization"，The understanding of the categories of their social relations not only points to the deep structure of the bourgeois society，"At the same time, we can also see the structure and production relationship of all the social forms that have been destroyed"。Marx calls it "thinking back"，Its true meaning is that by analyzing the internal structure and historical nature of the bourgeois economy，Display the fundamental trend of self -discarding society。Because "historical development is always based on this: the final form is always regarded as the past form as the stages of the development of yourself，and because it can only be criticized for self -criticism because it is rarely and only under specific conditions "。This，Historical materialism transitions from the "general theory" about history to the theory of bourgeois production methods and social processes，and understand the nature of the bourgeois society，It is necessary to use political economics as an intermediary。According to Engels，"Political Economics is the theoretical analysis of modern bourgeois society"，is the entrance to understanding modern society。But due to political economics "based on the essence of alienation", "fix the special range of the essential activity of alienation"Bet365 app download ，From this, private property such as private property、Employment labor、The currency system, etc., are regarded as the established premise of civic society.，and solidify in people's minds into some non -reflective natural understanding。For this，Political Economics Criticism is to ask questions in an epistemology，That is: what is possible for this objective understanding of the bourgeois social relationship with historic and specificity? I call it Marx's social epistemology problem。Historical materialism as a social epistemology，Not only the criticism of the abstract subjectivity and abstract object (thinking and existence) of the general issues of modern epistemology (thinking and existence)，Realize "in people's practice and understanding of this practice" reasonably solve "the mysterious thing that leads theory to mysteriousism"，and，The real knowledge established based on social epistemology，It also contains the social relationship of the transforming bourgeoisie、Realizing the demands of scientific socialism。Therefore，Historical materialism specificization，It is not a kind of empirical science that is not involved in cold，Instead, the "real person and their historical development science" with the purpose of the survival revolution of people in the alienation world。

　　Rebuilding the object

The basis of the Revolution of Historical Materialist Ideological Revolution is to reconstruct the object。Marx thinks，National Economics has established a wrong understanding object (experience appearance) from the wrong methodology (empirical) at the beginning，Then produce some knowledge with worshiping the nature，Become an unconscious expression of product production。On the contrary，Scientific social understanding beyond the appearance thinking of empirical theory，Jump out of any isolated practical or historical development link，progress to the understanding of "specific overall"。Marx establishes the object of knowledge as "generality"，Deep meaning is to emphasize that "part" is specified not only as the element of "overall"，and is reproduced by the effectiveness of "overall"。In the context of the bourgeois society，This means that it does not exist in a certain "part" of the bourgeois society，Instead, the existence of "the overall bourgeois society" as the "object"。Because "specific overall" as "overall ideology" or "thought specific"bet365 live casino games ，Of course it is thinking、The product of understanding，and Marx's concept of "overall bourgeois society" is the category that can most express this understanding，Therefore, it is the object of social epistemology。

Take "the overall bourgeois society" as the object，Dual connotations that have beyond national economics and Hegel philosophy。If the national economics stays on the experience appearance，Taking the social relationship with alienation as the starting point，Falling in the worship education，So，Hegel represents the only theoretical fallacy in social epistemology。Hegel, of course, grasped the "overall" characteristics of the truth of the object of the philosophy，But he understood this process as "self -movement of thought"。Results，"Understanding Thinking" and "The World of Understanding" instead of real people and the real world of real worlds become the object of cognition。Marx thinks，"From abstract to specific method，Just thinking is used to master specific、Taking it as a spiritual specific way to reproduce it。But it is by no means the production process of the specific itself "。Although Marx's use of dialectics still clearly reflects Hegel's traces，But on the question of how to understand the "recognition object"，The two are completely different。For Marx，"Just in the theoretical method，subject，Society，It must also always appear as the premise to appear in front of the appearance "。This means，Although "thought specific" is the result produced through the thinking process，But this does not mean that the category can be independent of reality、Theoretical abstraction can be separated from reality and actual objects。On the contrary，Reality specific、The actual object is Marx's cognitive object，Just，The capture of this object has gone through "two roads" ("on the first road，Complete appearance evaporation is abstract; on the second road，Abstract regulations in the complete process of reappearing in the thinking schedule)，Only the provisions of the conceptualization of conceptualization in thinking。Therefore，Marx's criticism of empiricism does not mean that the objective source of realistic and real objects as the objective source of knowledge，"Specific Thinking" as a result of a comprehensive occurrence in the understanding，It does not mean that the object of consciousness is the inherent nature Bet365 lotto review of consciousness。For Marx，The historical view of materialism always reveals the emotional world and its objective nature as the starting point of "real empirical science"，When it pass through the complete provisions of the epistemology，Logicized、Systematic becomes "real knowledge"。

From the mature expression of "Capital"，Marx's criticism of bourgeois social relations from a general perspective，Breaking the empirical thinking dominated by the consciousness of materialization，It no longer regards "economic practical" as a predetermined existence of quantified existence，Instead, it is regarded as a structured and overall existence that is always centered on capital reproduction。Here，In the past, thinking and existence、The epistemology of the subject and the object "dual theory" is designed to disappear，On the surface, Marx seems to be more far away from philosophy，But its deep meaning is to put thoughts、Knowledge、Politics、Class and other elements are all restored to the inner "process" that produces "bourgeois society overall"。Just as Alduce pointed out，"Bourgeois Social Overall" as a complex social form that is fully developed in depth and breadth、A "very developed overall"，It can not be restored as any single reason。On the contrary，It is thought、Knowledge、Politics formed by these "diversified" elements。At the same time，As far as the goal of Marx's social epistemology is concerned，It has an objective analysis of the "overall bourgeois society"，Itself also means that through the active participation of the social "process" to promote the reform of the social structure。

　　Path of social epistemology

As a path for the specificization of historical materialism，Social epistemology shifts the eyes of philosophy from the existence of the existence of hyperwip to the "bourgeois society overall".，Its purpose is to "make the existing world revolutionize"，Going to scientific socialism。For Marx，If the road to scientific socialism is existing in the bourgeois society，So，The universality of correcting and actively abandoning capitalism is very necessary，Because it is the core of the new civilization that is associated with socialism。

So，What is the universal nature of capitalism? About this question，Historical materialism presents the two cognitive perspectives of the object and the subjectiveness of the bet365 live casino games subject。In terms of the object orientation of the recognition，Generality of capitalism，It is the most developed stage of human productivity so far，A large amount of material wealth it created surpassed any of the historical stages of any previous production。It is in the sense of development，Capitalism has gone to "excessive civilization" -while creating a huge material wealth，It has also created a large number of poverty -stricken classes，Caused the periodic economic crisis。This indicates that the production relationship of the bourgeois society is too narrow，Can't accommodate the wealth it produces itself。Marx thinks，Only surpassing capitalist means of private ownership，"Based on the achievements of the capitalist era，That is to say，On the basis of the joint possession of the production materials produced by the collaboration and the production of the land and the labor itself，Re -establish personal ownership "，is the direction to realize the new socialist civilization。If this kind of dialectical expression is too illusory，Marx in Volume 3 of "Capital", which describes the possibility of a worker governance in the cooperation factory of the joint -stock company and the cooperative factory:，Capital and employment labor opposition is abandoned，Workers use production materials as consortiums to make their own labor proliferation。From a historical point of view，This kind of work cooperative as a new way of production is naturally produced from the bourgeois production method，"No factory system produced from capitalist production，Cooperative factory cannot develop "。The root of socialism is the source of socialism lies in，Make the generality of capitalism in a wider sense。

In terms of the subject you know，The understanding of the "bourgeois society overall" also points to the self -understanding of the working class。Lucari thinks，Marx is a new form of consciousness in materialized criticism -class consciousness。Class consciousness is a overall power，It overcome consciousness and reality in previous philosophy、Thinking and existing dual relationship，No longer cares about whether thinking is objectively "reflected" reality，Directly means "implementation": where，Once the working class reaches the "understanding"，He can no longer be materialized into "labor commodities"，Instead, it is transformed bet365 best casino games into an action subject that transforms the world。In this sense，Social epistemology is not a meditation and reflection of the world，but the theory of revolutionary practice。or，Basic goal of social epistemology，It is through the understanding of objective forces and class subjects in capitalist production，Build a contradictory and dialectical development social overall knowledge (scientific socialist theory)。In the perspective of the historical view of materialism，This objective knowledge is not only generated from the "bourgeois society overall"，and also participated in the construction of the overall society as a "thought specific"，Because it starts from the "theoretical position of the revolutionary class"，Unity of theory and practice，It was liberated from the alienation world imposed to him。The so -called "no revolutionary theory，There is no revolutionary practice "。

　　(This article is the "Study on" Penal and Political Science Criticism "(21xzx009) in the National Social Science Foundation Project" Study in the Context of History Materialism)

(Author Unit: Centers for Basic Theoretical Research Research at Jilin University)