After the Opium War，China's internal and external crisis is continuously deepened。For the rescue map，Chinese people continue to explore continuous roads，It has formed a variety of vivid trends of saving the country，Among them, it includes the railway to save the country for saving the country。Modern Chinese people's initial imagination and cognition of railway value，Tatling back to the 19450s，However, for a long time，Railway construction is regarded as "the sick of the country"，repeatedly opposed。With the development of military development and the enhancement of the needs of business rich，In the debate and exploration，Chinese people are getting more and more aware of fast speed、Large transport volume、Railway with low freight rates and other characteristics to resist foreign insults in modern China、Rescue the slump、Pursuit of rich and strong significance。After the Sino -Japanese War，The Qing government announced the construction of railways as a strategy for saving the country，The value of the country's national saving value is finally officially affirmed。It can be said，The process of clarifying the value of railways by modern Chinese people is the sprouting process of railway saving the country.。So，How does the Chinese people's understanding of the value of railway saving the country gradually form and develop in practice?

　Bet365 app download The initial attitude towards the railway

1940s to the 1950s，Lin Zexu、Wei Yuan、Xu Jizheng and other modern enlightenment pioneers first introduced railway knowledge to China，They have shown a strong interest in the development of the railway industry，And think that China may bet365 live casino games also build a road in the future。But，At that time, the cognition and respect for the railway were limited to very few people，The railway gradually enters the sight of the Qing government and the people，It is after the Western powers have invited the railway many times。

1960s，The powers have repeatedly proposed the requirements of the Qing government。For this，The Qing government expressed firm rejection，Called "big obstacles" "" break difficult "。First，They resolutely refuse foreign capital building，Extremely doubt the motivation of the road building for the powers，Worried that it will extend an invasive tentacle into the Mainland through the railway、endangers the rule of the Qing government。Next，They think that the railway will hinder Feng Shui、Midnuting me Tianlu、Affecting water transportation and transportation livelihood，Therefore, breeding social affairs、Affecting social stability。

It is not difficult to find，1960s，The Qing government has a resolute attitude towards the railway，The primary reason is that it has an instinctual alert to Western powers。When thinking about Western road construction motivation，Officials agree that the railway is just a tool for western countries to further invade China，Once we agree to the requirements of a country building，The remaining powers will inevitably follow up and will compete for the right to invade the road，Finally endanger national sovereignty。other，They don't know much about the new thing of the railway，Full of fear of unknown。Coupled with the low level of economic development in China at that time，The need for improving traffic is not urgent。Therefore, it can be said，At this time, most Chinese people have not yet formed a cognition of railway saving the country。

　Dajin:Preliminary presentation of the rationality of self -building railways

Starting from the 1870s，While resolutely oppose bet365 Play online games the powers of the powers on the road to build a road，The Westernization School and Early Improved Ideal, represented by Li Hongzhang as the need for national defense，The attitude of the first to build railway changes。1874，Li Hongzhang proposed in "Consultation of the Coastal Fold" as improving the efficiency of troops，Should be built with railways to cooperate with Beiyang coastal defense，3026_3045。

The supporters of the road building seem to，Since building railway, the anxiety of railway sovereignty first，Under the premise，From resisting foreign enemy aggression、Solve the start of the border crisis，The construction of the railway is imperative。1880，Liu Mingchuan "Create the Railway with Figures to Fold", please create a railway，Put forward "the profit of the railway ...，Especially urgent picture "。This request was supported by Zuo Zongtang and others，They also plan to built a anti -Russian railway in the north。But，More objections，Funding for road construction is a big problem first -at that time the treasury was not abundant，There is no enough financial resources to build the railway; and，Road repair requires a large number of foreign equipment，This will lead to a large amount of silver outflow。Still occupying the mainstream due to opposition，The Qing government rejected Liu Mingchuan’s memorial。

Despite the rejection of the request of the autonomous road，But at this time, more and more people have realized the benefits of the railway，Especially its value in military defense。From the late 1970s to the early 1980s，China Land and Passenger Crisis is further deepened，The needs of the fast transshipment troops and materials，The importance of the railway is becoming more and more prominent。other，Facing the requirements of the road building in the face of the powers，Some officials bet365 live casino games also realize that China can become passive as active，Building a railway、Control road right，So exclusively enjoy railway rights。During this period，The rationality of the railway saving the country has been preliminarily presenting whether China should build railways。

　　Great change:The railway is the foundation of the rich and strong

1881，Although some officials still question the railway，As a trial strategy，Li Hongzhang and others based on solving the problem of Kaiping Coal Mine for transportation，Started the construction of the Tangyu Railway (Tangshan -Xunzhuang)，and opened to traffic in the same year。Tang Xun Railway has greatly increased coal capacity，Make sure it can continue to be sold in various places in the water transportation of the villages in the Zhuang Village，greatly reduced the demand for foreign coal。This is the case，The Qing government really felt the efficacy of the railway，The attitude towards road building also changed from opposition to "trial operation"。1886，To further optimize the condition of coal external transportation，The Qing government approved the exhibition of the Tangyu Railway to the West Exhibition to Lutai。1887，Li Hongzhang and others also set up the railway from Lutai to Tianjin for "Lihai Defense"。Three -segment railway collectively referred to as the Tangjin Railway，Also known as Beiyang Railway，Build open to traffic in 1888。The Tangjin Railway not only plays an important role in the Beiyang Defense System，also driven Tianjin、Development of the industrial and commerce of the first generation of Tangshan。1888，Prince of Alcohol Yiyi on "Please build a Jintong Railway Fold"，Requires the construction of a railway to Tongzhou，This move was resisted by more than 30 officials，Because of the most intense debate about the railway。but but，At this time, Bet365 app download supporters of the railway have gradually grown，Among them, Zhang Zhidong、Liu Mingchuan、Huang Pengnian's point of view is very visible，Think of "today's Fang Fang draws on the tone of puerants，I have to use the strength of the other strength to help the help "，Therefore, it is valued by the Qing government。and，Weng Tonghe、The attitude of opponents such as Sun Jiayi and other opponents has also changed greatly，Compared to the previous resolute rejection，They affirmed the military role of the railway，Start consider trying railways on the border。

Except for national defense military values，At this time, Chinese people have begun to think and explore the benefits of many aspects such as the railway in many aspects of economic and people's livelihood。They think that the railway consumes a huge amount of money，But after the penetration, it is conducive to businessmen and finance，Not only saving shipping costs，It also helps expand the market、Promoting product circulation，and then increase taxes、Easy to raise，It is of great benefit to saving China's economic and people's livelihood。April 1889，Zhang Zhidong emphasized in "Please build the Jintong Railway to Rebate the Benefit Provincial Fold"，The railway is more meaningful for "soil cargo sales"，The leader of the railway is in Limin。other，During this period, Chinese people also believed that the railway was reluctant to help the famine、It also has very important functions on solving people's livelihood issues such as transportation。

can be seen，The late 1980s and early 1990s，The image of the railway has changed a huge change in the minds of Chinese people，From the former "sick country and the people" to "the foundation of rich and strong"，The value of saving the country is gradually being demonstrated。With the gradual construction of the railway，The people's acceptance of the railway has gradually improved。Bet365 app download In particular, the most fundamental is，With the development of the commodity economy，The speed of the public for transportation、Loads and costs put forward new requirements，So you lock your eyes on the railway。

　Railway Salvation End of the National Policy

Under the influence of the situation inside and outside，May 7, 1889，Cixi released the purpose of "planning the railway ... as a self -strong essential strategy，British British the overall situation in the world ... But Ji is beneficial to the country，No damage to the people，Dingyi to Dangdang Dao Dao Dao Dao Dao Dao Dao Dao Dao Dao Dao Dao's Strategy，can be held in resolutely，Do not build a room plot "。After the failure of the Sino -Japanese War of the Sino -Japanese War，The Chinese nation has fallen into an unprecedented crisis，The demand for the railway has become very urgent。July 19, 1895，Emperor Guangxu Posted on the next，"Trouble is difficult for state affairs，Especially should be up and down，Figure self -strong and hidden dangers ...。Overlapped according to the work of Chinese and foreign ministers，Detailed view，Optional implementation。Railway Railway，Monkey casting，Machinery ... All should be held in time "。So far，The official official of the Qing government finally set the railway to save the country as a national policy。

Facing internal and external problems，Modern people have gone through nearly half a century，Gradually realize that "the railway is the first priority of the rich and strong"，It is important to recognize its military and economic strength of the country，Help self -rescue and revival in modern China。The sprout of the railway to save the country is a long and difficult process，It is the central government center、foreign officials、Stubborn School、Early improved thinker、Pursuit of intellectual molecules and other forces to think collectively、Debate、Results bet365 live casino games of weighing，It is also the result of the interaction of theoretical thought and trial practice。Clarify the value of the country for the country，Obstacles to remove ideas for the construction of the railway，It has promoted the start of China's railway industry，It is of great significance to the early modernization of China。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund general project "The CPC's Railway takeover and the Research Research on the Construction of the New China Railway System (1946-1957)" (19BDJ043)

(Author Unit: School of Marxism University of Southwest Jiaotong University)