After the Opium War，China’s internal and external crises continue to deepen。To save the nation，Chinese people continue to explore and travel，A variety of powerful national salvation trends were formed，Including the bet365 apuestas salvation trend。The establishment of modern Chinese people’s initial imagination and understanding of the value of railways，Dating back to the 1840s and 1950s，However, for a long time，bet365 apuestas construction is regarded as "sick to the country and the people"，Repeated opposition。With the increasing demand for military development and trade to get rich，In the midst of debate and exploration，Chinese people are increasingly aware of the power of speed、Large shipping volume、The railways with low freight rates helped modern China resist foreign aggression、Save the decline、The pursuit of wealth and strength is of great significance。After the Sino-Japanese War，The Qing government announced the construction of railways as a strategy to save the country，The national saving value of railways has finally been clearly recognized by the official。It can be said，The process of modern Chinese people clarifying the value of railways to save the country is the germination process of the idea of ​​railways saving the country。Then，How did the Chinese people’s understanding of the value of railways in saving the country gradually form and develop in practice？

　bet365 apuestas:Initial attitude towards bet365 apuestas

1840s to 1850s，Lin Zexu、Wei Yuan、Xu Jishe and other modern enlightenment pioneers were the first to introduce bet365 apuestas knowledge to China，They showed strong interest in developing bet365 apuestas industry，And I think China may also build roads in the future。However，At that time, the knowledge and admiration for railways was limited to a very small number of people，The bet365 apuestas gradually entered the sight of the Qing government and the people，After the Western powers repeatedly asked to build railways。

1860s，The great powers repeatedly requested the Qing government to build roads。To this，Everyone in the Qing government expressed firm rejection，Saying that there are "big obstacles" and "it's difficult to proceed"。First，They firmly refuse foreign investment in road construction，Extremely suspicious of the powers’ motives for building roads，Worried that it will extend its invasion tentacles into the mainland through the bet365 apuestas、Endangering the rule of the Qing government。Secondly，They think the bet365 apuestas will hinder Feng Shui、Harm my farmhouse、Affecting livelihoods of water transport and pack transport，Thus causing social trouble、Affecting social stability。

It’s not difficult to find，1860s，The Qing government firmly rejected the bet365 apuestas，The primary reason is its instinctive wariness against Western powers。When thinking about Western motivations for building roads，Officials agree that the bet365 apuestas is just a tool for Western countries to further invade China，Once a country’s request for road construction is agreed to，Other powers will inevitably follow suit and compete to seize the right of way，Finally endangering national sovereignty。In addition，They don’t know much about the new thing called railways，Full of fear of the unknown。In addition, China’s economic development level was relatively low at that time，The need for improved transportation is not urgent。So it can be said，At this time, most Chinese people have not yet formed the understanding that railways can save the country。

　The big bet365 apuestas:Preliminary presentation of the rationality of self-built bet365 apuestas

About from the 1870s，While resolutely opposing the construction of roads in China by foreign powers，The Westernization and early reformist thinkers represented by Li Hongzhang were motivated by national defense needs，The first change in attitude toward bet365 apuestas construction。1874，Li Hongzhang proposed in "Discussing the Coastal Defense Strategy" to improve the efficiency of troop deployment，bet365 apuestas should be built to cooperate with Beiyang coastal defense，This started a big debate on whether China should build its own bet365 apuestas。

From the perspective of supporters of road construction，Self-built bet365 apuestas first solved concerns about bet365 apuestas sovereignty，Under this prerequisite，From resisting foreign invasion、Setting out to solve the border crisis，It is imperative to build railways。1880，Liu Ming wrote "Preparing for the Construction of a bet365 apuestas to Strengthen Our Country" and asked for the construction of a bet365 apuestas，Proposed that "the benefits of railways... lie in the use of troops，A particularly urgent picture”。This request was supported by Zuo Zongtang and others，They also plan to build an anti-Russian bet365 apuestas in the north first。However，More objections，The funding for road construction was a big problem in the first place—the national treasury was not sufficient at the time，There is not enough financial resources to build the bet365 apuestas；and，Road construction requires large quantities of foreign equipment，This will cause a massive outflow of silver。Because opposing views still dominate，The Qing government rejected Liu Mingchuan’s memorial。

Although the request for independent road construction was rejected，But at this time, more and more people in the country are aware of the benefits of railways，Especially its value in military and national defense。From the late 1870s to the early 1980s，China’s land and sea border crises further deepened，For the need to quickly transport troops and supplies，The importance of railways has become increasingly prominent。In addition，Facing the road construction requirements of the great powers，Some officials also realize that China can change from passive to active，Self-built bet365 apuestas、Control the right of way，Thus enjoying exclusive bet365 apuestas rights。During this period，The rationality of railways to save the country was initially demonstrated in the great debate on whether China should build its own railways。

　　bet365 apuestas change:bet365 apuestas is the foundation of prosperity

　1881，Although some officials still have doubts about the bet365 apuestas，As a pilot strategy，Li Hongzhang and others used the excuse of solving the Kaiping coal mine transportation problem，Started the construction of Tangxu bet365 apuestas (Tangshan-Xugezhuang)，And it was completed and opened to traffic in the same year。Tangxu bet365 apuestas greatly increased coal transportation volume，Guarantee that it can be continuously sold to various places by water transportation in Xugezhuang，Greatly reduced the demand for foreign coal。This way，The Qing government really felt the effectiveness of the bet365 apuestas，The attitude towards road construction has also changed from opposition to "trial"。1886，To further optimize coal transportation conditions，The Qing government approved the expansion of the Tangxu bet365 apuestas westward to Lutai。1887，Li Hongzhang and others built a bet365 apuestas from Lutai to Tianjin on the grounds of "benefiting coastal defense"。The three sections of bet365 apuestas are collectively called Dangjin bet365 apuestas，Also known as Beiyang bet365 apuestas，Completed and opened to traffic in 1888。The Tangjin bet365 apuestas not only plays an important role in the Beiyang defense system，Also promoted Tianjin、The development of Tangshan’s first generation of industry and commerce。1888，Prince Chun Yixuan's "Please allow the construction of a bet365 apuestas linking Tianjin"，Request to build a bet365 apuestas to Tongzhou，This move was boycotted by more than 30 officials，This triggered the most heated debate about railways。However，At this time, supporters of the bet365 apuestas have gradually grown，Among them Zhang Zhidong、Liu Mingchuan、Huang Pengnian’s views are very insightful，Thinks that “Today China is focusing on the strategy of peace and stability，I have to pick up other people’s skills to help myself become stronger”，Therefore, it was highly valued by the Qing government。and，Weng Tonghe、The attitudes of Sun Jia Nai and other opponents have also undergone major changes，Compared to the previous firm refusal，They affirmed the military role of railways，Starting to consider piloting railways in border areas。

Except for national defense and military value，At this time, Chinese people began to think and discuss the benefits of railways in many aspects such as the economy and people's livelihood。They think that although the bet365 apuestas costs a lot，But it will be beneficial to merchants and finance after being connected，Not only saves transportation and marketing costs，It also helps to expand the market、Promote commodity circulation，Taxes can then be increased、Easy to raise funds，It will be of great help to save China’s economy and people’s livelihood。April 1889，Zhang Zhidong emphasized in "Please delay the construction of Tianjin-Tongli bet365 apuestas and rebuild the main road in the hinterland"，The bet365 apuestas is more significant for "boosting sales of local goods"，The first benefit of railways is to benefit the people。In addition，During this period, Chinese people also believed that the bet365 apuestas was helping the famine、It also has a very important function in solving people's livelihood issues such as water transportation。

It can be seen，Late 1880s and early 1990s，The image of railways has undergone tremendous changes in the minds of Chinese people，From "the one who sickened the country and the people" to "the foundation of prosperity"，His value of saving the country is gradually demonstrated。With the gradual construction of railways，Public acceptance of railways has gradually increased。The most fundamental thing is，With the development of commodity economy，People’s speed of transportation、Carrying capacity and cost have put forward new requirements，So I set my sights on the bet365 apuestas。

　The bet365 apuestas has finally become a national policy to save the country

Under the influence of internal and external situations，May 7, 1889，Cixi issued an edict stating that “discussing the bet365 apuestas... is an important strategy for self-improvement，Bing should take care of the overall situation of the world...but it hopes to benefit the country，No harm to the people，Determining a hard-to-find strategy，You can start it with determination，Don’t build a house with tricks”。After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War，The Chinese nation has fallen into an unprecedented crisis，The need for railways has become urgent。July 19, 1895，Emperor Guangxu issued an edict，“The situation in the country is difficult，You should be united and united，In order to strengthen ourselves and eliminate hidden dangers... we must put practical policies first。Overlapping Chinese and Foreign Ministers’ Work Regulations and Current Affairs，Add details，Choose to execute。Such as building a bet365 apuestas，Minted coins，Making machines...should be carried out in time”。To this point，The Qing government finally made the bet365 apuestas a national policy to save the country。

Facing internal and external troubles，Modern Chinese people have gone through nearly half a century，Gradually realize that "bet365 apuestas is the first important factor for prosperity"，Recognize its importance in strengthening the country’s military and economic strength，Conducive to the self-rescue and rejuvenation of modern China。The germination of the idea of ​​​​bet365 apuestas saving the country is a long and difficult process，It is the center of the Qing government、Western Affairs Official、diehard、Early reformist thinkers、Progressive intellectuals and other forces collectively think、Debate、The result of weighing，It is also the result of the mutual influence of theoretical ideas and pilot practice。Clear the national salvation value of railways，Removing ideological obstacles to building railways，Promoted the start of China’s bet365 apuestas industry，Significant to China’s early modernization。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund general project "Research on the bet365 apuestas Takeover by the Communist Party of China and the Construction of the New China bet365 apuestas System (1946-1957)" (19BDJ043)

(Author’s affiliation: School of Marxism, Southwest Jiaotong University)