China is the world -famous ceramic ancient country，Porcelain as a business card for China，Historically pushed out the new、Put shining。Ancient Chinese porcelain has a long production history，As early as early summer，Primitive porcelain in the preliminary development stage of porcelain has been produced。Primitive porcelain matures in early Shang Dynasty，Developed in early Western Zhou Dynasty，Early in the Warring States Period，After the decline of the decline in the Qin and Han dynasties，To the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it will eventually develop into mature porcelain。

Original porcelain, also known as "primitive porcelain", "primitive celadon"，The current discovery and research of raw porcelain in China，But there is a different understanding of the concept of "primitive porcelain"，There are also some misunderstandings of knowledge。This article intends to sort out the previous research，Combined with the latest archeological discovery and scientific and technological achievements，Position of Qingyuan，Clarify the elements defined by the original porcelain，It is beneficial to Xuelin。

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　　The perception of the definition of primitive porcelain in the academic world can be divided into two stages: the 1980s and 1990s，On the basis of a large amount of original porcelain，Basic forming of the original porcelain，The research results of this period can be called "traditional definition"。Since the 21st century，More and more applications of the research of primitive porcelain with scientific and technological means，On the basis of traditional understanding, the academic community has a new breakthrough，New See，These new studies can be called "new views in recent years"。

Definition of primitive porcelain，Although there is no special discussion，But the academic world is more ink here，Only a few representative ceramics research works are briefly explained here。

1982，Published by "History of Chinese Ceramics" edited by the China Silicate Society。As the earliest history of ceramic spectrum，"History of Chinese Ceramics" built the road of Chinese ceramics from the Neolithic era to the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Similar works published in the future are basically no one who has no。"History of Chinese Ceramics" believes，Original porcelain is tire with kaolin or porcelain soil，Graze of the device，Porcelain fired over 1200 ° C，It is the primary stage of porcelain。Primitive porcelain tires are clay containing less fuses，The FE2O3 content bet365 Play online games is reduced，At about 2%(6%-10%of pottery)，Al2O3 increases; most of the glaze is lime glaze，CAO content is 16%-20%，It may be combined with lime and clay，Clatform contains iron，Therefore, there are also about 2%of iron oxide in the glaze。

1988，Feng Xianming in "Chinese Ancient Ceramics"，The original porcelain is called "primitive celadon"，It is believed that the original celadon is a celadon product in the original state，Make a tire by kaolin，Surface lime glaze，Burned at 1200 ° C at high temperature。Hypogytically gray white or brown after sintering，It can make a crisp sound。

1998，"History of Chinese Science and Technology · Ceramics Volume" edited by Li Jiazhi from the perspective of science and technology，A deeper analysis of the tire glaze composition of the original porcelain: The raw materials used in the original porcelain tire are a lower Fe2O3、Better clay，The firing temperature generally increases to about 1200 ° C; the original porcelain has a green glaze with a high CAO content and a certain amount of Fe2O3，The main fuse of the glaze is CAO，So it is also known as calcium glaze，This is an original high -temperature glaze in my country。Original porcelain tire、The micro -structure and physical properties of the glaze are close to porcelain，But because the content of Fe2O3 in the original porcelain tire is still high，The processing of raw materials is not fine enough，Sometimes large particles of quartz sand with the naked eye; not high enough for firing temperature，It has not yet reached the level of height sintering; the thickness of the glaze is not uniform and the tire glaze is not good、Easy to fall off and other factors，The original porcelain as the primitive stages of the primitive porcelain to the initial stage of pottery to porcelain。Therefore, it is called the original porcelain。

It can be known through quoting the above representative works，The original porcelain in the concept of traditional definitions mainly includes three aspects: porcelain soil or kaolin as tire，Graze of the device，1200 ℃ High temperature burning。From this，Tire、glaze、The three elements of the firing temperature have also become the focus of later the research of primitive porcelain。

　New point of view

In recent years，With the emergence of a large number of new archaeological discovery and in -depth research，Scholars can use more technological means，The definition of primitive porcelain has a new understanding。

Zheng Jianming in "Xia Shang's Primitive Porcelain Rolling Draft"，For the porcelain tire composition of the original porcelain -porcelain soil has a new understanding。He thinks，Original porcelain is an utensil that was fired after high temperature Bet365 lotto review after artificial glaze on the tire of the porcelain soil，But the original porcelain "making tires with kaolin" is not accurate，should be "tire with porcelain soil"。

Wang Changzheng and other scholars in the article "The concept of" Primitive Porcelain "and the Origin of the Origin of Celadia，Think that the so -called original celadon is celadon，He has re -established the scientific standard of celadon，The raw materials of porcelain tires are porcelain stone or porcelain soil，Porcelain tires must have a high -temperature glaze layer，The firing temperature is above 1150 ° C。other，Wang Changzheng at the "2016 Annual Meeting of the Chinese Ancient Ceramics Society and the Academic Symposium on Printing Pottery"，It also proposed a new point of view of porcelain firing temperature above 1100 ° C。

Lu Xiake and others published "Bai Tao unearthed in the Erlitou site、Research on the Printing Pattern Hard Pottery and Primitive Porcelain，White pottery unearthed at the site of Erlitou、Printing hard pottery and primitive porcelain are objects，It is believed that the tire composition of the original porcelain of the Erlitou site is obviously different from the general daily pottery。Low the melting content in their tire materials，belongs to the type of porcelain stone。Glaze is gray glaze，Divided into green glaze rich and rich in iron。The existence of the existence of High temperature square quartz and Mo Lai stone crystal can be speculated，The original porcelain sample firing temperature of the second phase of the two -mile site should be higher than 1100 ° C。

Li Baozong、Original flaws in the "Reconstruction of the Origin of the Original Porcelain in my country"，Divide porcelain into primitive vegetarian porcelain (white pottery、Printing hard pottery)、Original Porcelain、celadon、Blue and white porcelain、White Porcelain、Color Porcelain。For pottery、The criteria for the judgment of porcelain put forward your own view，It is believed that porcelain is made of porcelain soil (also known as kaolin) with high silicon high aluminum and low -speed iron，Tire quality is the first condition for judging pottery and porcelain，The firing temperature cannot be used as the first condition for judging pottery and porcelain。Tao has high temperature pottery (about 1000 ° C)，Porcelain has low temperature porcelain (white pottery); glazed unlawishly can not be used as the first condition for judging pottery and porcelain，Because the pottery has glazed pottery，Porcelain has unlawish porcelain (vegetarian porcelain)。

To sum up，The new views of the definition of primitive porcelain in recent years are mainly reflected in three aspects: fetal soil no longer refers to kaolin，but emphasize porcelain Bet365 lotto review soil、The concept of porcelain stone; the temperature of the original porcelain firing is still high temperature，But the specific temperature is reduced，mainly above 1100 ° C;。

　The elements defined by the original porcelain

Analysis of the above analysis，The elements that affect the definition of primitive porcelain mainly include tires、glaze, firing temperature, etc.，The differences in the above houses are also here，Let's conduct specific analysis of these three aspects below。

a、Tire。The composition of the original porcelain tire is porcelain soil，It mainly contains mineral raw materials such as porcelain stone。

The main minerals of porcelain stones are composed of quartz and silk cloud mother，Its mineral experimental formula is KNAO · 3AL2O3 · 6SIO2 · 2H2O，Chemical composition is mainly SIO2 (generally greater than 70%) and Al2O3 (generally no more than 20%)，In addition, it also includes a certain amount of FE2O3 and other melting oxides。Basic group points that contain porcelain in the porcelain stone，Glass -state substances can be gradually appeared above 1100 ° C、Fang quartz and Mo Lai Shi needle crystal and other sintering，Therefore, a single porcelain stone can be porcelain。Generally the characteristics of the chemical ingredients of the original porcelain have the characteristics of high silicon and low aluminum，It should be fired for a single porcelain stone。

The fetal soil composition in the traditional porcelain also includes kaolin，The main mineral composition of kaolin is kaolin stone，The molecular formula of Kaolin Stone is al2O3 · 2SIO2 · 2H2O，SiO2 content is generally less than 50%，Al2O3 content is very high，about 40%，The melting point is as high as 1400 ℃。Kaolin needs to be added with long stone，Boil until it is above 1200 ° C to generate sufficient amount of glass phase and Mo Lai Shi to sinter into porcelain tires。This porcelain tire component generally does not have the characteristics of high silicon and low aluminum，Therefore, Kaolin is not the main source of the original porcelain。

Through the above analysis, you can know，The bet365 best casino games fetal soil of the original porcelain is porcelain soil，Porcelain soil is a less melting agent、Better clay，The raw materials are mainly porcelain and stone。

2、glaze。According to the previous ceramic technology archeological research，The glaze of the original porcelain mainly includes two categories，that is gray glaze and soil glaze。

The main raw material of the gray glaze is grass and wood ash，The characteristics of high calcium and low -speed rail，belongs to the type of calcium -rich glaze，CAO high can reach 25.33%，FE2O3 low with only 1.70%。The formation of this type of glaze，It may be an inspiration of the phenomenon of glass -state material on the surface of the utensil after being burned by the kiln workers，and use grass and gray as the Bet365 app download main raw material，Made into grass and gray glaze。

Earth glaze is the main glaze of primitive porcelain，can be divided into two small categories，One is easy to melt clay glaze，The main fuses are Fe2O3 and K2O，belongs to the type of rich iron glaze，Fe2O3 content is about 5%，CAO content is low，Even as low as about 1%。Another type is less melting agent、The more pure clay with lime、Glaze with clay with CAO impurities as raw materials，CAO content is moderate，At about 10%，FE2O3 lower content，below 3%，The main fuse is CAO，Fe2O3 and K2O will also play a certain effect。The formation of soil glaze may be developed in the process of inheriting pottery and mud glaze。

Original porcelain tables for artificial glaze，Different natural glazes such as falling glaze。Determine whether the original porcelain applauds artificially，It mainly includes two methods。One is the appearance of observation utensils，The distribution of artificial glaze layers is evenly distributed，The glazed line between the glazed area and the glazed area is more obvious，Tire glaze combination is better，and the distribution of natural glaze layers is uneven，Multi -concentrated on the surface of the device to the side of the fire noodles，No obvious glazed line，Tire glaze binding is relatively poor。Another is the archeological method of science and technology，Available electronic equipment to observe the micro -structure of the glaze layer，Research discovery of relevant scholars，Natural glazed glass layer is thinner，between 10-50 microns，and there are discontinuous phenomena，and artificial glazing glass layer thickness should be at least 100 microns。

3、Burn temperature。The so -called firing，Observe from the appearance of the utensil，Organic hardcore、Glaze surface light、Good tire glaze combined。According to the method of ceramic technology archeology，It is to observe whether a sufficient amount of glass phase and Mo Lai Shi phase。

Mo Lai Shi is the skeleton of porcelain tires，The generation of Mo Lai Shi is the beginning of the porcelain，The proportion of Mo Lai Shi in the crystal phase is the benchmark for measuring the level of porcelain level。Analysis of the physical phase of the carcass，You can determine the degree of porcelain of the utensil。The process of carcass porcelain can be divided into three stages according to the temperature node: a Mo Lai stone is generated at about 950 ° C; the second Molai stone is generated at 1120 ° C;。

Burn temperature，The temperature that should be sufficient to form a Mo Lai stone and sinter，But because the original porcelain is in the primary stage of the development of porcelain，Especially in the early stages of bet365 best casino games the development of primitive porcelain，Due to technical restrictions、Different reasons for fetal soil composition，This type of utensils generate Mo Lai Shi Lost，Frequent burning、Symposium of Seso Loose，To the lower temperature of the firing temperature。Some scholars use the archeological methods of science and technology to perform physical analysis and temperature test of primitive porcelain，It believes that "the average firing temperature of the original porcelain is 1120 ℃，up to 1280 ℃，The lowest is less than 1000 ℃ "，"The early porcelain early firing temperature is close to the printed hard pottery，about 1100 ℃，increased to above 1200 ° C "。

Statistically analyzes according to the results of the relevant experiments，Early primitive porcelain firing temperature at about 1000 ° C，This also means that there is a Mo Lai Shi generated by the carcass，The process of porcelain starts;，At this time, Mo Lai Shi has become stable，The carcass is relatively hard and dense; therefore，The average firing temperature of the original porcelain is about 1100 ° C。

other，The water absorption rate of porcelain is often inversely proportional to the firing temperature，Rise with the temperature of the firing，The higher the density of the carcass，The lower the pore rate，The water absorption rate will continue to decrease。Generally speaking，The water absorption rate of mature porcelain ranges from 0%-0.5%or 1%-3%，The water absorption rate of the original porcelain is below 3%。Large pores，The primitive porcelain water absorption rate of the Saishan kiln site is 6.83%，Observation Observation Observation Overcathetric Section，It can be found that the fetal quality is very loose、Large pores，This reflects the originality of the early utensils，It also reflects the low temperature of early primitive porcelain firing temperature。

I want，Tire、glaze、Burning temperature as the three elements of the original porcelain，Play a pivotal role in the production of primitive porcelain，Accurate grasp of the three elements，is the key to define the original porcelain。The specific analysis of the three elements above，We believe that the original porcelain is used as a tire for porcelain soil、Artificial glaze such as gray glaze or soil glaze of the device、Porcelain with an average firing temperature of about 1100 ° C。But its fetal quality is rough、Ecology of the carcass，Unexplained thickness of the glaze layer、Easy to fall off，Poor tire glaze binding，Burning temperature is low，The body has not yet height sintering，Compared with mature porcelain，The performance of the overall porcelain is relatively original，The initial stage of the development of porcelain，Therefore, it is called primitive porcelain。The bet365 best casino games fetal soil of the original porcelain is porcelain soil，It is a kind of fuse less、Better clay，The raw materials are mainly porcelain and stone。Primitive porcelain tables for artificial glaze，Glaze includes gray glaze and soil glaze，Gray glaze may be derived from the burning of grass and gray，Falling glaze formed on the surface of the device，Earth glaze may originate from pottery clothes and mud glaze。The early firing temperature of the original porcelain is about 1000 ° C，Increase to 1200 ℃，The average firing temperature is about 1100 ° C。Early primitive porcelain firing temperature is low，The carcass has not height sintering，Fetal quality loose、Large pores，Therefore, the water absorption rate is higher，At about 6%-7%。The original porcelain attribute is porcelain soil as a tire、Artificial glaze，High temperature at 1200 ° C is no longer a decisive factor。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Research on Primitive Porcelain in the Northern Region of the Summer Solor in the Western Han Dynasty" (20kg027)、Shandong Normal University Youth Teacher Scientific Research Project (Humanities and Social Sciences) "Research on Primitive Porcelain Production Crafts on the Western Zhou Dynasty" (20sqr008) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Shandong Normal University)