Meizhou Hakka Hotel next to Fengshun Hall

Singapore Yinghe Hall

Since the Qing Dynasty，Hakkas to Nanyang mainly engaged in agriculture or mining。Hakka pioneering groups across Southeast Asia in the early days are people who have no national protection.，They arrive at different places that lack social order，I have to condense the power through the nostalgia。Guild Hall (Company) is exactly such an organization。

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On the Southeast Asian Hakka Farewell Hall，Generally, the earliest in the Jiaying Hall or Zenglong Club in Penang is the earliest。Another，Chinese public grave mountains across Southeast Asia can find a lot of & ldquo; chief grave & rdquo; or & ldquo; Yizhi & rdquo;，All organizations are set up for the collective soul for the collective，Among them, Malacca Sanbao Mountain & ldquo; Zenglong Yizhi & rdquo; rebuilt in 1842，Zenglong Club once rebuilt the total grave in accordance with the local community customs at least every 50 years，It is speculated that its predecessor & ldquo; Zenglong Company & rdquo; Established 1792。

But if you return to history to see，The above cities of West Malaysia port cities & ldquo; Company & rdquo;，The situation in various places is roughly the same。Regardless of the & ldquo; Lanfang Company & rdquo;，It was still the & ldquo; Dagang Company & rdquo;，​​All the nature of symbiosis，All the personnel order of geographical bet365 Play online games personnel in different places through the geographical combination of fellow villagers，and protect and share the political and economic interests of the land developed。Since then, the armed autonomous autonomous groups moved from Lotus West Po to Sandy Vietnam Cai Gold，Also this type of organization。That means，Now the Hakka Family Township Group，Many of them evolved through & ldquo; company & rdquo;。In this process，There are also a lot of & ldquo;，Only becomes the memory of history。

So，& ldquo in the area & rdquo; It is not surprising that the construction time was as early as the club。It reflects the process of organization from generation to evolution: & ldquo; Company & rdquo;，First of all, to facilitate membership of members to prepare for covering the wind and rain，This is the earliest & ldquo; museum & rdquo;; wait until the collective & ldquo; company & rdquo;，& ldquo; Guild Hall & rdquo;。This is the common experience of many Nanyang township groups。

　Public activities and collective identity

Company (Guild Hall) space and activities actually deepen the role of deepening the community，Like a festival celebration，Sacrifice the gods and sages in the villagers and villages，or the ancestral temple or temple，All the values ​​of continuing to chase the far and the virtue of virtue，Repeat the historical sensation of the participants。More importantly，Federations are difficult to return to the country to return to the country，Worries from belief that you will become a lonely soulless soul in the exotic，The dense spiritual position of the club is the collective bet365 Play online games commitment to individuals，Make sure that the soul behind the deceased has the soul behind and accepts the four -time sacrifice of the fellow fellow。This is the key to stabilizing people's hearts and promoting production，It is also conducive to the latecomers of the latecomers to develop a sense of belonging，Go and go to protect the company (or club) to push the sovereignty in the local area。

Lack of order、Society with limited resources or market，Different groups are easier to rub each other，Therefore, the early function of the club also includes armed training。Southeast Asian Hakka Organization has been in armed autonomy for a long time in the middle of the 19th century，Not necessarily cooperation between。More common is，Different Hakka mining & ldquo; Company & rdquo; Maybe to compete with each other，Search for other dialect alliances of post -aid，In the name of the larger & ldquo; company & rdquo;。The most obvious example of which is the war war。Huizhou at that time、Chaozhou and Gugang Sisi Alliance at Yixing Company，Haishan Company, combined with Zengcheng people and the five counties of Guangzhou Prefecture。until the end of the 19th century，The Hakka people started to pain in pain。Lee San Dasha of Samililan will not die，At one time leader Jiaying Hakka comes to external compete，Later, finally in turn became the Chinese Jiabi Bidan, including the Hailufeng people,。This is not just a fighting fight that everyone is tired of facing each other，It also involves the Chinese people who have experienced national weakness for a long time on others，Gradually move bet365 Play online games towards collective reflection，It also involves the objective reality of the development of Western industrial development at the end of the 19th century。

Also in the late 19th century，Ying、The Government of the Dutch is fully involved in local politics，Under the right to speak in the colonizer，The company & rdquo;，Known as & ldquo; Dangerous associations & rdquo; or & ldquo; black company & rdquo;。In the past & ldquo; Company & rdquo; often goes to register。After conversion，& ldquo; Company & rdquo;，But the interest function of the community can also continue。Such as Malacca Zenglong Club，Any villagers can enjoy membership benefits when they pay three yuan，Temporary unemployment can be available in the museum，If you want to return to China，Organization can provide boat tickets。Donation through business gentry，The club can help the fellow villagers who encounter difficulties、Members who make the old disabled rely on the old age，Ensure that any unemployed fellow villagers will go to the conference hall to eat for dinner、Waiting for introduction Occupation。

This can be seen，When the colonial government has no perfect welfare policy，The benefit measures of the club are the easing mechanism of labor and capital issues between the same hometown，Social insurance for overseas Chinese & ldquo; alternative & rdquo;。Especially from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century，Almost lotus、Hakka Township Associations of the British colonies have set up villagers & ldquo; Huichun Pavilion & rdquo; and & ldquo; Health Center & rdquo;，It further improves the function of health and death。

bet365 live casino games So，If the name is & ldquo; geopolital & rdquo; or & ldquo; dialect group & rdquo; know & ldquo; company & rdquo;，May only see the & ldquo; Township group & rdquo; meaning，Ignoring them are communities combined with local geopolitics。But if the party & rdquo; see & ldquo; company & rdquo;，Maybe I have ignored the original hometown dialect、Hometown situation is also a link to contact。But their maximum recognition basis is still a sense of belonging。For example，According to the Geographic of the Prefecture of the Qing Dynasty，Haiku Feng people who talk about Heluo can participate in Huizhou Company in Southeast Asia。but，Hai Luofeng people are not Hakkas，Don't understand Hakka words，and claim to & ldquo; Fuyaoke & rdquo;，They actively participate in the township clubs jointly jointly participated in the family members of all family members，to participate in the guest guild，It can be explained by the original hometown of China or dialect group。

This can be seen，Southeast Asia & ldquo; Guild Hall & rdquo; You cannot be equivalent to the original & ldquo; concept。China's fellow halls are mainly based on the temporary residence of the scholars or businessmen on the journey，Nanyang's fellow halls are to ensure that there are difficulties for home、The hard work of the barriers of the thorns is sent to the local health.。Simulation Ancestral Temple，Worship of the members of the local family, God Lord，It is the feature of the Southeast Asian Guild Hall。

　Evolution of the Function of the Hall

After the 20th century，General hall publications mentioned that early history is always unknown & ldquo;bet365 Play online games 、& ldquo; Resolution dispute & rdquo;、& ldquo; Take care of poverty & rdquo;，This reason，There is a scattered due to the literature，There are also future generations avoided the taboos of the past。After all，The end of the 20th century，Chinese in Southeast Asia must unite to make a living，Under objective conditions, everyone does not think that the history of fighting between the ancestors (venues) should be proactively mentioned。

Today，The original function of the club may be replaced by the various welfare policies of the governments of the Southeast Asian countries one by one，However, the hall may not necessarily be limited to the region、Regional to International Friendship Organization。Distribution of Hakka organizations from various countries，The foundation left by the predecessors is that it is expected to create an infinitely expanding connection network and information space。If the halls of various places are based on their nostalgia，Integrated message between the clubs、Resources and knowledge labor，It can support the business news network that can be used from China to ASEAN countries。Company (Guild Hall) In the past, it was the center of distribution dense labor，Now promoted to the center of distribution business/professional，What is not appropriate。This or more conforms to the original community spirit of the club organization。

(The author is Vice President of Eurasian University in Malaysia、Hakka Research Institute, Hakka Research Institute of Jiaying College)