Zhang Zhenxun statue
　

  After the Second Opium War，Some officials from the Qing government to change China's backward situation，initiated & ldquo; Western Movement & RDQUO;。To solve & ldquo; foreign affairs movement & rdquo; funds、Technical problems，The Qing government has adopted a series of policies to attract overseas Chinese，Overseas Chinese has received special attention from the government。

History of Hakka Overseas Chinese in the late Qing Dynasty participated in the history of China's economic modernization process，Overseas Chinese plays a special role in the modernization of China's economic modernization，In the process of transformation and social changes in modern Chinese，Hakka overseas Chinese is an indispensable special role。

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The Hakka people mainly live in Guangdong、Fujian、Gan，It is a Han branch with distinctive cultural characteristics。Due to the development of the commodity economy and the shortage of living resources，In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, especially after the coast of the late Qing Dynasty was open，A large number of Hakka people leave the hometown，to Malaysia、Indonesia、Singapore and other Nanyang bet365 best casino games areas and the Americas and other places to make a living。On the one hand, they provide cheap labor for the capitalist market，On the other hand, it also absorbs the advanced achievement of the industrialization of developed capitalist countries in the West。until the late Qing Dynasty，The overseas Chinese economy has been greatly developed。A group of Hakka overseas Chinese capitalists began to appear，The famous ones are Zhang Zhenxun、Zhang Rongxuan、Hu Guolian、Hu Guolian、Yao De Sheng、Hu Wenhu, etc.，All are overseas wealthy。

The reason why Hakka overseas Chinese is willing to return to China，Is a series of factors commonly promoted。Investment and operation overseas allows them to have the necessary capital、Technology、Production experience and innovation awareness，Discrimination and oppression of the local colonial government，Make them more willing to return to China; in addition，Love the motherland、The beautiful wish of revitalizing China has also become an important spiritual motivation for them to return to China。Many Overseas Chinese overseas Chinese have returned to China to invest in modern industries，Drinking、Bank、Railway、Manufacturing and other fields have played an important pioneer model function。

There are varying degrees of participation in the main industries

The earliest investment in Hakka Overseas Chinese Return to China、The biggest influence is the wealthy Bet365 app download of Nanyang Zhang Zhenxun。Zhang Zhenxun (1840 & mdash; 1916)，Word 士，Hakka from Tai Po County, Guangdong，In 1856, I went to the lotus in Padaovia to reclaim and make a living，After years of struggle, gradually get rich，to the end of the 19th century and early 20th century，Fund up to 780 million two silver，The none among Nanyang Overseas Chinese at that time。Zhang Zhenxun's volunteer for the realization of & ldquo; the Chinese as the motherland & rdquo;，First respond to the call of the Qing government，Remove huge sums of money to introduce advanced foreign equipment and technology，Founded dozens of companies in China，Food involved、Mining、Manufacturing、Agricultural Machinery and other fields，Among them, I thought that Zhangyu grape wine company in Shandong Yantai spent the most efforts，The most prosperous reputation。1895，Zhang Zhenxun founded Zhangyu winemaking company in Yantai, Shandong，& ldquo; Investment to millions of yuan，The founder of the large -scale imitation of foreign goods & rdquo;。The wines produced by the company won the Gold Medal at the Panama World Expo in 1915，It is the first time that Chinese products have won internationally，Make honor for the Chinese nation。China's wine industry has begun to develop since then。

Railway is a hot spot for Hakka overseas Chinese to return to China，This is related to the Qing government encouraging Bet365 app download private capital to invest in railways，It is also closely related to the political movement that Chinese society is being carried out at that time.。1903，Zhang Rongxuan, Hakka Overseas Chinese, who lives in Nanyang、Zhang Yaoxuan brothers present the Wenqing government to build the Chaoshan Railway。Subsequent raising 3 million silver，Founded Chaoshan Railway Co., Ltd.，Among them, Zhang's brothers contributed 2 million two，accounting for 2/3 of the total investment。November 1906，Chaoshan Railway is completed and opened to traffic，Become the first pure business -run railway invested by overseas Chinese，It plays an important role in promoting the development of China's railway construction industry。1898 & mdash; 1907，Zhang Zhenxun has been appointed by the Qing government as the General Office of the Guangdong -Chinese Railway、Foshan Railway General Office、General Office of Guangsha Railway, etc.，Personal investment and overseas overseas Chinese raised a lot of funds for railway construction，To recover the construction right of the railway、It has made important contributions to promoting the development of modern Chinese railways。

The banking industry is the lifeblood of the economic development of modern state，Hakka Overseas Chinese made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of modern Chinese banking industry。bet365 live casino games 1896，Zhang Zhenxun participated in organizing the first Bank of China & mdash; & mdash;，And as a director。He not only becomes a personal shareholder of the Bank of Communications，and in -depth participation in the management of the Bank of Trade Bank。September 1905，Overseas Chinese Zhang Rongxuan、Xie Rongguang、Zhang Yaoxuan and others, Daqing Bank, organized by the purpose of investment promotion, was formally established in Beijing Xizhong Lane，This is China's first national bank，Reformly renamed & ldquo; Bank of China & rdquo;。

Hakka Overseas Chinese also invests in a lot of investment in manufacturing。Ruqiao Huang Qiongqing invested in the opening of & ldquo; with five halls & rdquo; Yao Disheng purchased a batch of latest textile machines from abroad in 1910 in 1910，Build a plant in Pingyuan County, Pingyuan, Hometown，Created a precedent for developing industry in rural areas。

To recover mineral profit rights，Hakka Overseas Chinese also uses advanced foreign mining technology，Investing in mining and agriculture。Ru Yongding Hakka Overseas Chinese、Nanyang & ldquo; The king of tin ore & rdquo;、Iron、Lead ore，Together raising funds to minimize Hainan's tin mines in Hainan。He also established Qiaoxing Corporation in Na Da Town, Da Da County, Hainan Province in 1909，Introduction to the introduction of good varieties、Use of agricultural machines、The emergence of reclamation bet365 Play online games companies with capitalist nature，New production factors have appeared in traditional agriculture，The process of modernization of agriculture began。

Hakka overseas Chinese not only introduce new equipment，Also train new industrial workers。Ru Mei County Huang Xinru opened & ldquo;，Professor modern textile technology technology，Attached with a weaving factory for internships; Pan Lizhai purchased a weaving sock machine from Nanyang in the early 20th century，Open a Weaving Factory in Nantou Town, Meixian，And in 1907, Pan Zhi, I and other 6 people went to the Yoshida Factory, Osaka, Japan to learn the weaving industry。

In the main industry in modernization，Hakka Overseas Chinese in the financial industry、The railway transportation industry、Manufacturing、Mining and Metallurgical Industry、Agriculture and other areas have different degrees of participation，strongly promoted the modernization process of China's economy，Promoting local socio -economic development。They actively invest in domestic industries，promoted the development of my country's national enterprises。

(Author Unit: Hakka Research Institute of Jiaying College)