British envoy Macartney pays homage to Qianlong

2010，The bet365 best casino games Provincial Party Committee promulgated the "Outline of the Plan for Building a Culturally Strong Province in bet365 best casino games Province (2011&mdash";2020）》，The "Outline" clearly states: Cantonese business studies are one of the key disciplines to enhance the comprehensive innovation capabilities and international academic competitiveness of philosophy and social sciences in bet365 best casino games Province，The goal is to build a world-wide vision、Philosophy and social science innovation system with bet365 best casino games characteristics。Thirteen merchants are the core theme of Cantonese merchants in the Qing Dynasty，With a strong and distinctive “Lingnan Characteristics”，Not only established the status and style of bet365 best casino games merchants，And it was an important force in the gradual integration of China's economy into the capitalist economic system in the late Qing Dynasty。From this，The Thirteen Lines are an important field of research on Cantonese businessmen。

　　The core and main body bet365 best casino games

Historically，Guangdong and Huizhou merchants、Shaxi merchants、Zhejiang Businessman、Suzhou and Shang are collectively known as “Five major business gangs”。There are different definitions of Cantonese businessmen，Generally refers to the group of businessmen engaged in economic activities in Guangdong，Including businessmen originally from Guangdong，Also includes businessmen who later moved to Guangdong。At 1757—1842 nearly a century ago，The Thirteenth Bank is the only institution chartered by the Chinese government to engage in overseas trade，From a foreign goods house that set up a franchised import and export trade, it gradually developed into a trade organization with authority in China and the West，Created a new era of Sino-Western trade。History，Guangdong business figures emerge in endlessly，Thirteen merchants became the core subjects of Cantonese merchants in the Qing Dynasty，Represents an important link and glorious stage in the development process of Guangdong merchants，There are also people such as Pan Zhencheng、Wu Bingjian、Wu Chongyao and many other business leaders，Become a representative figure bet365 best casino games。

Social and cultural opening in Lingnan、Business、Compatible、Innovation、Pragmatic、Among the six basic characteristics of diversity，The thirteen merchants all have outstanding examples。Chinese civilization (such as porcelain, etc.) has had a significant impact on Western countries through bet365 best casino games，Western civilization also entered China through bet365 best casino games，Became an early contact between the court and society in the Qing Dynasty。

bet365 best casino games merchants pay attention to the protection and integration of Lingnan culture。Business development, culture and education、Improving the education level in Lingnan area；Published books、Carry forward and inherit local culture；Hongshang’s unique private garden，Enriching and developing the architectural features of Lingnan gardens；The introduction of Western arts and crafts style，Enriching the content and form of traditional Chinese arts and crafts；The Western-style architecture of the bet365 best casino games Elements Hall，Opened the precedent of modern Chinese architectural style。

　　Lay the foundation for the development of bet365 best casino games business

Historically，bet365 best casino games and Central Plains have inconvenient transportation，However, the geographical location with convenient transportation overseas has cultivated the strength and perseverance of the Thirteen Traders、Dare to take risks、The spiritual quality of bold innovation，They seize opportunities as China adapts to world ocean trade，Rapid rise，Formed the courage to be the first、Pragmatic and enterprising、Innovative Development、Open compatibility and other features。Compared to the domestic business community，The business style of Thirteen Businessmen is famous for seeking change and innovation，Do not stick to the concept of a particular industry or profession，Remain highly alert to potential business opportunities in the business environment，Not only deals in porcelain, etc.，Also engaged in real estate、Shops, etc.，What’s worse，Also invests in foreign railway construction、Stock Securities。

It is the influence and business style of thirteen merchants that established the historical status and inheritance of Guangdong merchants，Becomes an important period for the rise and development bet365 best casino games，Accumulated original capital for survival and development for Guangdong businessmen，Prepared sufficient historical and cultural conditions for the formation of Guangdong merchants，Expanding the social influence bet365 best casino games，Guangdong businessmen have become one of the most influential business gangs in China。

　　A historical and cultural heritage of bet365 best casino games significance

In the process of China going global，Thirteen lines is a good side profile。Over a century，bet365 best casino games became the politics of the Qing Dynasty and Western countries、Economy、The hub of cultural exchange，Not only played an important role in the history of Sino-foreign trade，It is also the world entering“Ocean Age”Later, study the important nodes of China’s development from a continental country to a maritime country。

Thirteen merchants opened the way for Chinese people to understand the world、Learn the historical process of the West，Opened China’s door to the world。This is the core of the value of thirteen merchants，It is the essence of bet365 best casino games business culture。

On the one hand, the Thirteenth Bank acts as an intermediary between the country and foreign businessmen，Straighten out the foreign trade network；On the one hand, use flexible business methods，Expand business beyond the ocean，Incorporate China’s economic system into the capitalist economic system，Integrate China’s economy into the world economic circle。In area、Country、bet365 best casino games examined in the structure and interrelationships of the ocean，Can see the world entering“Ocean Age”After，National policy during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was from opening up、The evolution from sea ban to restriction，Discuss the role of the central government in handling overseas trade and international exchanges through the Thirteen Banks。

The Thirteen Lines were produced on the basis of traditional Chinese social culture，Developing simultaneously with Chinese society，Pioneering in the great changes of history、Unrest、Development and Decline。In a nutshell，The fate of the Thirteen Lines is consistent with the fate of China，Not only records the successes and setbacks of China’s development，It also proves the glory and sorrow bet365 best casino games。Carry out in-depth research on the Thirteen Elements，Can further expand and deepen research on Guangdong businessmen，So as to build a world vision、Contribute to the innovation system of philosophy and social sciences with Guangdong characteristics。

(Author’s affiliation: School of Humanities, Guangzhou University、bet365 best casino games Elements Research Center)