Huangpu Port in the Qing Dynasty

　　Bet365 app download

□ Li Minghua

In recent years，Business Gang Culture Research becomes a popular area。Traditional business gang，Ruhui merchant、Jin Shang's business culture tradition has been re -excavated and given modern value，In addition to the traceability of historical origin and research on business concepts，Many literary and artistic works are also actively expressing business gang culture，such as "Hu Xueyan"、"Joe Family Courtyard", etc.，It has a wide range of influence。Comparison of comparison，The voice and research of the Cantonese and Guangdong business culture are more silent。

If it comes to business historical tradition，Merchants gangs from all over China may be difficult to compare with Guangdong merchants。As early as the Han Dynasty，Guangdong is maritime transportation & ldquo; boat & rdquo; opened up the Maritime Silk Road，From the China Sea and the Indian Ocean to the Indian Peninsula or even Africa，Commercial trade and friendly exchanges between nations in the world。Ming and Qing Dynasties，The court strictly controls foreign trade，Guangdong has never stopped commercial exchanges with overseas。Starting from the late 17th century，The Qing government entrusted Guangdong Thirteen Councils to assist Guangdong Customs to manage Guangzhou's foreign trade，This semi -official and semi -business institution is a miracle in Chinese business history。In the 22nd year of the Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1757) to the 20th year of Daoguang (1840)，Turn off the exterior ports in various places，Only allows Guangdong & ldquo;，This is also unique in Chinese history。Guangdong Culture's & ldquo; Character & rdquo; Features、The important position of the Cantonese business in the business community is also formed。

In Contemporary China，Cantonese merchants suffer after the glory of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s。The leap development of the Yangtze River Delta region，It makes it difficult for Cantonese merchants to & ldquo; dare to be the first & rdquo;、& ldquo; Pioneering innovation & rdquo; self -proclaimed。Current，Guangdong Province Construction Culture Strong Province、Happiness Guangdong，It should be vigorously strengthened the research of Cantonese business culture。I think，Dilemma of Cantonese business，Fundamental is the predicament of culture。

Of course，Cantonese business has a long historical tradition，Open、Compatible、Practical、Shinades，rich experience in the modern market economy，But just like other regional merchants，Contemporary Cantonese merchants also have their own limitations。I think these limitations are manifested in: 1. Limitation of one hand。On the one hand，Can't see the big of China，Can't see the strong side of the neighbors，I am & ldquo; Emperor Nanku & RDQUO;，I am & ldquo; Gentle and rich hometown & rdquo;，Blind confidence; on the other hand，Lack of big minds and world vision，Corporate goal、Plan、Decisions and reality are very stingy。2. Limitation of heavy sensitivity。Excessive emphasis on experience and benefits，Only pragmatic，Think of & ldquo; The experience of washing bet365 live casino games the feet & rdquo;，Do not pay attention to theoretical improvement，Do not pay attention to standardization、Universal rules of the modern enterprise system。3. The limitations of value concept and social ambitions。Focus on economic value and ignore humanistic value，Lack of political consciousness and social critical consciousness，Participate in the willingness and expression of participation is not strong，tendencies & ldquo; Small sound of getting rich，Low -key & rdquo;，Few well -known nationwide & ldquo; business leaders & rdquo;、& ldquo; Opinion leader & rdquo;。4. Limitation of cultural quality。Compared with the Yangtze River Delta enterprise，The degree of education of Guangdong businessmen is lower，Therefore, insufficient stamina。5. Limitations of mother culture。The inner limitations of Lingnan culture (such as marginality、Excessive market, etc.，You need to discuss separately)，It has also become the gene of the Cantonese business culture。

The limitations of the Cantonese business culture have attracted the attention of many scholars。Professor Wang Xianqing, Guangdong Business School, believes，Traditional thinking of Guangdong businessmen generally does not adapt to the era of industrialization and post -industrialization，is a typical small industry era factory thinking and product -based thinking，Lack of a big businessman in the era of large industry、Compound thinking of large entrepreneur -style。Researcher Lin Pingfan, the School of Social Sciences, Guangdong Province, pointed out，Cantonese business has faced a triple crisis，The most deadly is the cultural crisis，Lack of humanistic spirit，Wash your feet without washing，Pay more attention to the front，Lack of open vision and long -term strategic design，In short，The cultural route of the Cantonese business has not been formed。These are all insights in the whip。

The era has given the new historical responsibility of Guangdong businessmen。Cantonese business will become the leader of the new round of development，We must pay attention to cultural construction，This enriches the connotation of humanity and business value，Improve the overall quality。

(Author Unit: Guangdong Cultural Society)

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　　Cultural Gene of Cantonese Merchants

□ Jinfeng Cold East

Guangfu in Lingnan、Hakka and Fuyao (Chaoshan), the three major peoples，It is the Han immigrants from the Central Plains region from the Central Plains in different historical periods，The combination of the exchanges of the ancients of the ancient Nanyue。Because Lingnan before the Song and Yuan Dynasties was the place where the economy and culture were relatively backward in the country, the place where the barren & ldquo;，There is a strong centripetal force for advanced Central Plains Han culture，When Zu Shuliang, he thought he was a descendant of the Han nationality，There is a strong sense of national identity，Inheritance and development of Confucian culture，Shouzhong & ldquo; Zhongxiao Renai & rdquo;、& ldquo;、& ldquo; Enthusiastic public welfare & rdquo;。

Farming culture and local concepts

In the process of the south of the Han people in the Central Plains，Migration of many clan clans，After moving to Lingnan, I also lived in a multi -gathering family，engaged in agricultural production，This will take the traditional family Bet365 lotto review system of the Han nationality of the Central Plains、Copy farming culture to Lingnan。It can be seen from the formation process of Lingnan culture，Because of the cultural exchanges and production of various ethnic minorities with Nandue、changes in objective conditions such as life，Make & ldquo; New Cantonese & rdquo; Have a pragmatic、The regional characteristics of the development of folk beliefs such as the developed and the Central Plains Culture，But Lingnan culture is still based on farming culture，Heavy Ben Shouyuan，retaining a strong family and local concepts。After the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Cantonese merchants are mostly established in the business area of ​​the Cantonese.、The sustenance of the exchange of nostalgia。In business business activities，same family、The unity and mutual assistance between fellow villagers is not only conducive to the sound of Guangdong merchants，The rapid construction of a commercial network based on blood or geographical relationships is more conducive to the rapid construction of a commercial network。After the late Qing Dynasty，Cantonese business starts in Nanyang、America and other places around the world based on rooting。

Readlists brought by marine culture

Lingnan faces the sea，Since ancient times, there have been frequent Chinese and foreign exchanges and prosperous maritime trade，Makes the concept of Lingnan culture and traditional farming culture, and the concept of heavy agriculture is different，Lingnan cultural and agricultural businessmen are equal，Wealth and value brought by cherished business activities。As Shunde's Hutchs said: & ldquo; All my descendants & hellip; & hellip;，Do not be ashamed of businessmen。& rdquo; The late Qing Lingnan Confucian Chen Ye even married the daughter of the businessman Pan Youdu as his wife。

Readlisted features of marine culture，It has also formed an extraordinary business ethics and business spirit that has been profitable and profitable。Cantonese merchants in business activities，Review of righteousness，Ethical and legitimacy given to its own business behavior。Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties，Lingnan Shijia Grand's business activities are common，In modern times, many overseas Chinese and Guangdong merchants returned to China，It is an important force for the development of the modern ethnic industry in my country。Since the reform and opening up，Cantonese merchants also become pioneers in many fields。

Open cultural characteristics and the pioneering aggressive of Cantonese merchants

The open features of Lingnan culture，Developed the spirit of the Cantonese business courage to develop innovation。Before the Opium War，Cantonese merchants are no longer satisfied with the operation of Chinese and foreign trade，And Zeng Yuan went overseas to show his skills in international trade。Except for the figures of Cantonese merchants in all parts of Nanyang，Business Pan Zhencheng also went to Sweden to operate business，Wu Bingjian's father and son in the United States、securities and railways have large investment。After the Opium War，Cantonese merchants are all over the world，Guangzhou's "Seventy -Twenty -two Commercial Daily" publishes publishers have proudly proclaimed: & ldquo;，Five continents are all the footprints of the Cantonese! & rdquo; In the late Qing Dynasty, Yue Shang Ma Yingbiao and others learned the new Western Bet365 app download department store operation model，Founded the first application、Daxin and other department stores，Breaking through the traditional business model of Shangbei Store，Promoting the modernization of Chinese business，A prominent manifestation of becoming a spirit of innovation in Guangdong merchants。

(Author Unit: Jinan University; Research Center of Guangzhou University Thirteen Elements)

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　　The market style map in Guangzhou export paintings in the Qing Dynasty

□ Jiangyuhe

The Guangzhou Port in the Qing Dynasty used to take a unique status & rdquo;，An important portal of becoming Eastern and Western products and art exchanges。The artworks output at the time had silk、Ceramic、Tooth Eagle、Lacquerware、Woodcarving and export paintings，Because of its strong Chinese color, it is deeply loved by Westerners with European art style，in 18、The European and American society in the 19th century set off a & ldquo; Chinese style & rdquo;，So far, major Museums and Tibetan institutions in Europe and the United States still preserve the amazing number of Qing Dynasty Guangzhou export artworks，Among them, the most striking is the export painting of Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty。

The most important theme of export paintings in Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty，12030_12047，It can also be called a custom map，Including the daily family life of Chinese people、Various occupations in China、Scenery of various places、Various characters、Religious beliefs、Customs habits、Legal punishment and other content，These paintings are drawn in the form of oil painting and glass painting，More in watercolors、Gouquan painting or wooden version drawing into a set of drawing，Booking into a book for sale。There are no most common in Guangzhou export paintings such as & ldquo; Fulu Shouxi & RDQUO; works such as festivals，Instead of becoming a system、Large -scale market style chart reflecting Chinese social life。It can be seen from the theme of the picture，These works are not to express the morals and spirits to express in traditional Chinese custom paintings，Not for the need for a festive event in the West，They reflect the desire and interest of Western society who understands strange Chinese society and culture，It is an important medium to convey Chinese information for Western society，Therefore, European and American society in the 19th century is very popular，It is the main tourist souvenirs and gifts that they brought when they come back to China to return to China，This is also an important manifestation of the cultural connotation and historical significance of export paintings in Guangzhou。

These paintings appear so large in the Guangzhou Port in the Qing Dynasty，The number and type of paintings of the city life and market style of Guangzhou Port in the Qing Dynasty are very rich，Can provide a lot of materials and works for Westerners to buy。The themes and performance methods of these exported works are developed on the basis of the style of well -style painting in China，Select content from content、Industry classification to composition、Character style、Face characteristics and character behavior methods，Many of them are processed according to traditional Chinese painting，To some extent, the content of traditional custom painting，For example, street occupation、Store trading scenarios, etc.，Once appeared in the Bet365 app download "Qingming Shanghe Tu"、"Gusu's Fushuang Map" and other Chinese paintings depicting the 360 ​​-line scenes。Guangzhou export paintings are more specific than traditional Chinese custom paintings、Concentrated and systematically reflects socio -economic and cultural life，The selection of many content in the meantime directly reflects the social connotation in the eyes of Westerners，This also reflects the influence of western painting concepts and social concepts，The combination of Chinese and Western artistic factors that present a certain degree of extent。Because it is a painting work facing the Western market，The drawing of these export paintings will naturally invest in the requirements of Westerners，Employment foreign painting techniques to create，Use perspective、Shadow、Light light and dark; and some themes are drawn according to the society in the eyes of Western people and the Chinese pictures formed by Western society for a long time，It reflects the characteristics of Guangzhou ports familiar to Westerners。But these paintings are directly from the Guangzhou Port，Draw their familiar social style from the export painters living here，Although there are a certain Western appearance in some aspects，But the imagination is much less than in European works，Can reflect the social status of China more truly and accurately，Unique culture reflected in the impact of direct traffic in China and the West，Therefore, it is more popular with Western society。

Various industries on the streets of Guangzhou are common themes of the city style style，Usually combined into a album，Most of the street industry map，Including shaver、Western Scenery、Food file、Pianist、Porcelain vending、Vegetable vendors、You Fang Monki、Puppet Artist、Street Wanderers, etc.，Show ten bangs、Twelve pieces，as many as sixty or even 360 amians，Each picture shows the work they are engaged in a monochrome background。Reflecting various Chinese characters、The content of Chinese family life and social life is also drawn into export paintings，Common themes include Chinese Emperor、Queen、Image of officials at all levels、The lady with a maid、Chinese play cards and other games、Garden party, etc.，Even the emperor's meeting、Palace scene, etc. far from the theme of life in Guangzhou，These paintings show the scene that foreigners are rare，It is the Chinese society that they are very eager to understand。Export paintings depicting various stores in China are also objects often purchased by Western people。From the sale of Chinese export products such as porcelain、Tea、Silk、Lacquerware and other shops，To the sale of traditional Chinese products such as books、Chinese medicine、Stores in candles and other are depicting。The lacquerware shop on the picture is placed with various lacquerware，Like a table、Box、Box、Frames, etc.;、Chinese furniture such as rattan chairs and imitation Western -style bamboo wares; porcelain shops are displayed in a variety of export porcelain; Western -style furniture stores display various folding chairs、wooden box、Long sofa、Broken chairs with back, etc.，There are carefully vivid depictions in exported paintings。The shop map depicts not only the new in Guangzhou Thirteen Ward District、Old China Street dedicated bet365 best casino games to various shops for Westerners，It also includes various commercial stores in Guangzhou City，Even some very new types of sale of Western goods such as ocean、Self -Clock Bell、Foreign wine, etc. & ldquo; foreign goods store & rdquo;，There are also selling & ldquo; Suzhou -Hangzhou grocery stores & rdquo; and & ldquo; tobacco line & rdquo; and so on，These all depict the scenes of the social and economic life of Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty，It can be seen that Guangzhou as a port city is connected to the two domestic and international markets。

(Author Unit: Department of History at Sun Yat -sen University)

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1771 Pan Zhencheng went to Gothenburg, Sweden to do business (oil painting)

      Lingnan cultural spectrum cannot be ignored & ldquo; Cantonese & rdquo;

& mdash; & mdash; Visit Liang Fenglian, director of Lingnan Cultural Research Center of Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences

"Humanities Lingnan": Researchers as Lingnan Culture，Why do you think Guangzhou has paid more attention to the development of regional characteristics in recent years?

Liang Fenglian: The whole society's self -confidence and pride in Guangzhou's local culture，Winning with Guangzhou to host & ldquo; Asian Games & rdquo; This historic opportunity is closely related。It is such a global platform，Only to fully show the charm and style of Guangzhou culture，The transformation brought by the accumulation and watches of many years，Let Guangzhou look like a hibiscus overnight、Born and bone。Guangzhou wants to build a world cultural city and a business center，Culture has been placed in an unprecedented important location，Obviously the importance of the decision -making layer has been conscious and grasped the importance of culture for the entire society.。It is because of such an intriguing change，Where is the development of Guangzhou?，And the transmission and development of culture is a link effect，Can't break，Is the urgent need to go on。Actually，Guangzhou is not only a distinctive Guangfu culture that needs to be developed，That is just part of it，More need to be pushed out for new、What is prominent is our Lingnan culture，Because Guangzhou was originally the center of Lingnan culture，is the origin and container of Lingnan culture。

"Humanities Lingnan": It has always been，The form of literary creation and cultural research，Concentrate on the protection and inheritance of Lingnan culture。Do you think the people's sense of recognition of traditional culture，What are the beneficial ways?

Liang Fenglian: Except the literary creation and cultural research mentioned in addition to，So far，I also passed the identity as a representative of the Municipal People's Congress，Call for Lingnan Culture on different occasions。

Enhance the people's sense of recognition of traditional culture，In fact, there are more effective and beneficial ways。For example，You can pass through from top to bottom，Cainting and reaching social consensus。From decision -making agencies to implementation practice，spread from the media's promotion to the guidance and attention of the people。Including education and consumption fields，It can be promoted together at different levels，Forming an atmosphere of respect and pride in its own urban culture，Further forming a good interactive effect。Make the people not only build this city，At the same time, I am also enjoying the unique culture of this city，This，Sifang talents will constantly Bet365 app download generate a sense of recognition in Guangzhou，Keep cultivating the consciousness of the homeland of this city。

"Humanities Lingnan": It is reported，Your next novel will tell the story and spiritual appearance of the Guangdong business group，Is it more concerned about the previous Guangdong businessmen or the Guangdong businessmen describing the current era? What is the current progress?

Liang Fenglian: Except Miss Xiguan and Dongshan Big，Cantonese merchants and citizens。Guangzhou's business history source is far away，Started from the thirteenth line period，Guangzhou went overseas through business early、Go to the world。As a thousand -year -old commercial port，The businessmen in Guangzhou are unique to have this tradition and blood。So，Guangzhou has become the forefront of reform and opening up，Only the economic strength that has been extended for more than ten years。Building Merchant Trade Center and Cultural City are in the same vein，It is adhering to the historical tradition of this city，Among them, the Guangdong merchants are indispensable，It should be given enough artistic expression and authentic name。My novel not only pays attention to the previous Cantonese merchants，Also allows the tracking of tracking to the present，Guangzhou gathers the businessmen of the Quartet，Finally, you can smell the characteristic advantages and charm of Cantonese merchants。

"Humanities Lingnan": What do you think of the spiritual characteristics of the Guangdong business group? Is there a specific performance in the current era?

Liang Fenglian: Simple summary，The courage to try by the Guangdong businessmen、Dare to take responsibility、Good at sharing、Can be put down、Low -key and、Waiting for the opportunity and other spiritual traits，Only to make Cantonese merchants in front of different times，can all get out of your own new road，Creating your own vitality。And these spiritual traits have continued until now，Still inheritance，Still preserving its irreplaceable advantages and charm。